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Powder wettability measurement with the Washburn method. In its most general form the Lucas Washburn equation describes the penetration length ( L {\displaystyle L} ) of a liquid into a capillary pore or tube with time t {\displaystyle t} as L = ( D t ) 1 2 {\displaystyle L=(Dt)^{\frac {1}{2}}} , where D {\displaystyle D} is a simplified ...
Chapters 2 to 6 describe how to identify and classify patterns on cultural objects such as ceramics, textiles and surface designs. Chapter 2 establishes the mathematical tools required to perform the symmetry analysis of patterns. Chapter 3 introduces the concept of color symmetry, for two-colored and multicolored patterns.
This method was used from the 1980s to the 1990s in BASIC programmable calculators and pocket computers. Texas Instruments would later implement the method in many of its graphing calculators, including the TI-83 and TI-84 Plus series. Most computer algebra systems (CASes) also use this as the default input method.
Assume two particles A and B perform a simple random walk in two dimensions, but they start from different points. The simplest way to couple them is simply to force them to walk together. On every step, if A walks up, so does B, if A moves to the left, so does B, etc. Thus, the difference between the two particles' positions stays fixed.
One problem of particular interest is that of approximating a function in a computer mathematical library, using operations that can be performed on the computer or calculator (e.g. addition and multiplication), such that the result is as close to the actual function as possible.
Algorithms for calculating variance play a major role in computational statistics.A key difficulty in the design of good algorithms for this problem is that formulas for the variance may involve sums of squares, which can lead to numerical instability as well as to arithmetic overflow when dealing with large values.
A related problem is posed by Fermat's principle: light follows the path of shortest optical length connecting two points, which depends upon the material of the medium. One corresponding concept in mechanics is the principle of least/stationary action. Many important problems involve functions of several variables.
The assumption that g is differentiable with nonvanishing derivative, which is necessary for applying the usual change-of-variables formula, excludes many typical cases, such as g(x) = x 2. The result still holds true in these broader settings, although the proof requires more sophisticated results from mathematical analysis such as Sard's ...