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In Normandy, serfdom had disappeared by 1100. [6] Two possible causes of the disappearance of serfdom in Normandy have been proposed: (1) it might have been implemented to attract peasants to a Normandy depopulated by the Viking invasions or (2) it might be a result of the peasants' revolt of 996 in Normandy .
As slavery gradually disappeared and the legal status of servi became nearly identical to that of the coloni, the term changed meaning into the modern concept of "serf". The word "serf" is first recorded in English in the late 15th century, and came to its current definition in the 17th century. Serfdom was coined in 1850. [citation needed]
These developments entrenched serfdom and created a rigid social hierarchy. [2] Serfdom became central to the economy of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, underpinning its status as one of Europe’s leading agricultural producers. The Commonwealth relied heavily on the export of grain and other agricultural commodities to Western Europe.
Although slavery is usually involuntary and involves coercion, there are also cases where people voluntarily enter into slavery to pay a debt or earn money due to poverty. In the course of human history , slavery was a typical feature of civilization , [ 3 ] and was legal in most societies, but it is now outlawed in most countries of the world ...
The origins of serfdom in Russia may be traced to the 12th century, when the exploitation of the so-called zakups on arable lands (ролейные (пашенные) закупы, roleyniye (pashenniye) zakupy) and corvée smerds (Russian term for corvée is барщина, barschina) was the closest to what is now known as serfdom.
The monument of Alexander II, the "Tsar-Liberator," erected in 1899 in Częstochowa with funds voluntarily collected from Polish peasants. [1]Abolition of serfdom in Poland was a gradual process tied to the economy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, where the nobility depended on serf labour for income and status.
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In copyhold, both a landlord and peasant made their best business deal, whereby the peasant got use of the land and the landlord got a fixed annual payment, and both possessed a copy of the tenure agreement. Serfdom did not end everywhere and lingered in parts of Western Europe and was introduced to Eastern Europe only after the Black Death. [34]