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Mydriasis is the dilation of the pupil, usually having a non-physiological cause, [3] or sometimes a physiological pupillary response. [4] Non-physiological causes of mydriasis include disease , trauma , or the use of certain types of drugs .
Pethidine is the most widely used opioid in labour and delivery. [16] It has fallen out of favour in some countries, such as the United States, in favour of other opioids, due to its potential drug interactions, especially with serotonergics, and its neurotoxic metabolite, norpethidine. [10]
The males are generally too small to be dangerous. Widows tend to be non-aggressive. Some species, especially those in North America, have no spot on their backs, with the hourglass becoming visible only when the spider hangs upside-down, and can thus be mistaken for their less dangerous cousins, which is especially true in males.
A 1998 study found a half-life of 4.1 ± 0.3 hours in young men, 7.4 ± 3.0 hours in elderly men, 4.4 ± 0.3 hours in young women, and 4.9 ± 0.6 hours in elderly women. [82] In a 2018 study in children and adolescents, the half-life of diphenhydramine was 8 to 9 hours. [83]
Topical atropine is used as a cycloplegic, to temporarily paralyze the accommodation reflex, and as a mydriatic, to dilate the pupils. [15] Atropine degrades slowly, typically wearing off in 7 to 14 days, so it is generally used as a therapeutic mydriatic, whereas tropicamide (a shorter-acting cholinergic antagonist) or phenylephrine (an α-adrenergic agonist) is preferred as an aid to ...
To say that mydriasis is "mainly caused by stimulation of the sympathetic system" is not entirely correct. SNS directly causes mydriasis and PNS interruption indirectly causes mydriasis - neither action is the main one. I'm not a neurologist but I believe mydriasis, whether pharmacologically induced or due to injury or other pathology, due to ...
The condition affects about 0.1% of the general population at some point in their life and 0.05% in any given year. [5] The condition usually first occurs between 20 and 40 years of age. [2] Men are affected about four times more often than women. [5] Cluster headaches are named for the occurrence of groups of headache attacks (clusters). [1]
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare [5] [6] but life-threatening reaction that can occur in response to antipsychotics (neuroleptic) or other drugs that block the effects of dopamine. [ 1 ] [ 7 ] Symptoms include high fever , confusion, rigid muscles, variable blood pressure, sweating, and fast heart rate. [ 1 ]