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NSLS-II is a synchrotron light source, designed to produce X-rays 10,000 times brighter than BNL's original light source, the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS). NSLS-II supports research in energy security , advanced materials synthesis and manufacturing, environment, and human health.
The National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in Upton, New York was a national user research facility funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Built from 1978 through 1984, and officially shut down on September 30, 2014, [2] the NSLS was considered a second-generation synchrotron. [3]
The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted c, is a universal physical constant that is exactly equal to 299,792,458 metres per second (approximately 300,000 kilometres per second; 186,000 miles per second; 671 million miles per hour).
Synchrotron light is an ideal tool for many types of research in materials science, physics, and chemistry and is used by researchers from academic, industrial, and government laboratories. Several methods take advantage of the high intensity, tunable wavelength, collimation, and polarization of synchrotron radiation at beamlines which are ...
The two-way speed of light is the average speed of light from one point, such as a source, to a mirror and back again. Because the light starts and finishes in the same place, only one clock is needed to measure the total time; thus, this speed can be experimentally determined independently of any clock synchronization scheme.
Work performed at CHESS and at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory led to the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, awarded to Dr. Roderick MacKinnon, M.D "for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels". [6]
1690 – Christiaan Huygens gives the first estimate of the speed of light in air or vacuum, based on Rømer’s work. The result is equivalent to about 2×10 8 m/s in modern units, correct only to the order of magnitude. 1727 – James Bradley correctly identifies the peculiar behaviour of γ Draconis as stellar aberration.
While c is an absolute upper bound to propagation speed, the maximum speed of a spaceship in Conway's Game of Life is c/2. [2] This is because it is impossible to build a spaceship that can move every generation. (This is not true, though, for cellular automata in general; for instance, many light-speed spaceships exist in Seeds.) It is ...