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Acquired brain injury (ABI) is brain damage caused by events after birth, rather than as part of a genetic or congenital disorder such as fetal alcohol syndrome, perinatal illness or perinatal hypoxia. [1] ABI can result in cognitive, physical, emotional, or behavioural impairments that lead to permanent or temporary changes in functioning. [1]
The ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) or ankle-brachial index (ABI) is the ratio of the blood pressure at the ankle to the blood pressure in the upper arm (brachium). Compared to the arm, lower blood pressure in the leg suggests blocked arteries due to peripheral artery disease (PAD).
Severe symptoms are usually due to acute elevation of the plasma sodium concentration to above 157 mmol/L [10] (normal blood levels are generally about 135–145 mmol/L for adults and elderly). [10] Values above 180 mmol/L are associated with a high mortality rate, particularly in adults. [ 11 ]
Primary aldosteronism is present in about 10% of people with high blood pressure. [1] It occurs more often in women than men. [5] Often, it begins in those between 30 and 50 years of age. [5] Conn's syndrome is named after Jerome W. Conn (1907–1994), an American endocrinologist who first described adenomas as a cause of the condition in 1955 ...
Symptoms of hypernatremia may vary depending on type and how quickly the electrolyte disturbance developed. [27] Common symptoms are dehydration, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, weakness, increased thirst, and excess urination. Patients may be on medications that caused the imbalance such as diuretics or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [27]
Alzheimer's disease has been identified as a protein misfolding disease, or proteopathy, due to the accumulation of abnormally folded amyloid-beta proteins in the brains of AD patients. [1] Abnormal amyloid-beta accumulation can first be detected using cerebrospinal fluid analysis and later using positron emission tomography (PET). [20]
This testing uncovered calcified arteries and a collection of soft tissue near the femoral arteries and veins, which lead to a disruption in the right femoral artery. Extensive analysis of the individual's condition lead medical professionals to the conclusion that Mönckeberg's arteriosclerosis was suspected as the cause for their symptoms.
Metabolic alkalosis is an acid-base disorder in which the pH of tissue is elevated beyond the normal range (7.35–7.45). This is the result of decreased hydrogen ion concentration, leading to increased bicarbonate (HCO − 3), or alternatively a direct result of increased bicarbonate concentrations.