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A hydrohalogenation reaction is the electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides like hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide to alkenes to yield the corresponding haloalkanes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] If the two carbon atoms at the double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms, the halogen is found preferentially at the carbon with fewer ...
Until the 1880s vaccine/vaccination referred only to smallpox, but Louis Pasteur developed immunization methods for chicken cholera and anthrax in animals and for human rabies, and suggested that the terms vaccine/vaccination should be extended to cover the new procedures. This can cause confusion if care is not taken to specify which vaccine ...
Vaccine manufacturers do not receive licensing until a complete clinical cycle of development and trials proves the vaccine is safe and has long-term effectiveness, following scientific review by a multinational or national regulatory organization, such as the European Medicines Agency (EMA) or the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). [105] [106]
Vaccine therapies are a type of specific active immunotherapy. Vaccine therapies deliver various agents that will lead to a specific immune response e.g. antibody development or CTL response. [5] Tumor antigens have been a main target in specific active immunotherapy by way of vaccination. Tumor antigens are antigens produced by tumor cells and ...
A pentavalent vaccine combines five vaccines into one dose. Pentavalent vaccines include: Pentavalent vaccines include: DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine , used by UNICEF in low/middle income countries
The word "adjuvant" comes from the Latin word adiuvare, meaning to help or aid. "An immunologic adjuvant is defined as any substance that acts to accelerate, prolong, or enhance antigen-specific immune responses when used in combination with specific vaccine antigens." [2]
In the late 1940s, Henry Kempe suggested that the solution to the complications of the smallpox vaccine was to provide antibodies in the form of gamma globulin, a medical treatment known as passive immunity. [9] [10] Kempe noted that for some infants, the smallpox vaccine failed to "take". Kempe believed this failure might be due to the high ...
In immunology, seroconversion is the development of specific antibodies in the blood serum as a result of infection or immunization, including vaccination. [1] [2] During infection or immunization, antigens enter the blood, and the immune system begins to produce antibodies in response. Before seroconversion, the antigen itself may or may not ...