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[8] [9] There is no widely accepted precise definition; [10] any list of nonmetals is open to debate and revision. [1] The elements included depend on the properties regarded as most representative of nonmetallic or metallic character. Fourteen elements are almost always recognized as nonmetals: [1] [2]
These definitions are equivalent to stating that metals conduct electricity at absolute zero, as suggested by Nevill Francis Mott, [2]: 257 and the equivalent definition at other temperatures is also commonly used as in textbooks such as Chemistry of the Non-Metals by Ralf Steudel [3] and work on metal–insulator transitions. [4] [5]
The most stable form is the black allotrope, which is a metallic looking, brittle and relatively non-reactive semiconductor (unlike the white allotrope, which has a white or yellowish appearance, is pliable, highly reactive and a semiconductor). When assessing periodicity in the physical properties of the elements it needs to be borne in mind ...
Metallic bonding tends to involve close-packed centrosymmetric structures with a high number of nearest neighbours. Post-transition metals and metalloids, sandwiched between the true metals and the nonmetals, tend to have more complex structures with an intermediate number of nearest neighbours
Silicon has a blue-grey metallic lustre. Silicon is a metallic-looking relatively unreactive solid with a density of 2.3290 g/cm 3, and is hard (MH 6.5) and brittle. It melts at 1414 °C (cf. steel ~1370 °C) and boils at 3265 °C. Silicon has a diamond cubic structure (CN 4). It is a non-conductive with a band gap of about 1.11 eV. [3]
Across each period, from left to right, the increasing attraction between the nuclei and the outermost electrons causes the metallic character to decrease. In contrast, the nonmetallic character decreases down the groups and increases across the periods. [26] [27]
A branch of physics that studies atoms as isolated systems of electrons and an atomic nucleus. Compare nuclear physics. atomic structure atomic weight (A) The sum total of protons (or electrons) and neutrons within an atom. audio frequency A periodic vibration whose frequency is in the band audible to the average human, the human hearing range.
This line has been called the amphoteric line, [2] the metal-nonmetal line, [3] the metalloid line, [4] [5] the semimetal line, [6] or the staircase. [2] [n 1] While it has also been called the Zintl border [8] or the Zintl line [9] [10] these terms instead refer to a vertical line sometimes drawn between groups 13 and 14.
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