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Hematospermia (also known as haematospermia, hemospermia, or haemospermia) is the presence of blood in the ejaculate. It is most often a benign symptom. [1] Among men age 40 or older, hematospermia is a slight predictor of cancer, typically prostate cancer. [2] No specific cause is found in up to 70% of cases.
Increased levels of protein in the urine, proteinuria, can be measured with a urine dipstick test. Three different tests may be used to measure calcium levels in urine, 24-hour urine tests, blood tests, and genetic tests. Measuring calcium levels can also be done using an oral calcium tolerance test. [24]
In a blood test or urine test, serum levels of tumor markers such as (alpha-fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, β-human chorionic gonadotropin) can help to reveal if testicular cancer is present which can help with the differential diagnosis. [12] When there is no certain cause, a diagnosis of idiopathic scrotal hematocele will be made. [8]
The location and history of any scrotal masses are crucial in determining whether or not the mass is benign or malignant. [21] Lab tests such as a complete blood count (CBC test) or urine test can also be conducted to check for any possible infection or signs of inflammation. [22] Spermatoceles come in varying sizes and shapes.
Unlike osteoporosis, osteopenia does not usually cause symptoms, and losing bone density in itself does not cause pain. There is no single cause for osteopenia, although there are several risk factors, including modifiable (behavioral, including dietary and use of certain drugs) and non-modifiable (for instance, loss of bone mass with age).
Usually, men will be able to observe a runny/fluid, low-volume semen by themselves during masturbation. Since the seminal vesicles contain a viscous, alkaline fluid rich in fructose, a chemical analysis of the semen of affected men will result in a low concentration of fructose and a low pH. A microscopic semen analysis will reveal aspermia ...
Retrograde ejaculation occurs when semen which would be ejaculated via the urethra is redirected to the urinary bladder. Normally, the sphincter of the bladder contracts before ejaculation, inhibiting urination and preventing a reflux of semen into the bladder. The semen is forced to exit via the urethra, the path of least resistance.
Sertoli cell-only syndrome is usually initially assessed by conducting two separate semen analyses. Sertoli cell-only disease is frequently characterized by azoospermia which is the complete absence of sperm in semen. A tiny fraction of patients may still have measurable sperm levels. [1]