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There are two principal phases of underground mining: development mining and production mining. Development mining is composed of excavation almost entirely in (non-valuable) waste rock in order to gain access to the orebody. There are six steps in development mining: remove previously blasted material (muck out round), scaling (removing any unstable slabs of rock hanging from the roof and ...
The Hard Rock Miner's Handbook is a reference book that deals with the underground hard-rock mining industry. It was written by engineer Jack de la Vergne as a non-profit publication. [ 1 ] The first edition was published in 2000 by McIntosh Engineering, a mining engineering consulting company. [ 2 ]
Underground soft-rock mining is a group of underground mining techniques used to extract coal, oil shale, potash, and other minerals or geological materials from sedimentary ("soft") rocks. [1] Because deposits in sedimentary rocks are commonly layered and relatively less hard , the mining methods used differ from those used to mine deposits in ...
Underground mining (hard rock) Underground mining (soft rock) There are three directions by which an underground mine may be conducted: Drift mining, mining horizontally; Shaft mining, mining vertically; Slope mining, mining at an inclined angle Stoping is the process of extracting out the ore from underground, leaving a hole called a stope ...
Underground longwall mining. Mining techniques can be divided into two common excavation types: surface mining and sub-surface (underground) mining. Today, surface mining is much more common, and produces, for example, 85% of minerals (excluding petroleum and natural gas) in the United States, including 98% of metallic ores. [45]
Download as PDF; Printable version; ... Mining techniques in the United Kingdom (2 C) A. ... Traditional mining (11 P) U. Underground mining (2 C, 39 P) Underwater ...
In underground mining, a raise refers to a vertical or inclined excavation that leads from one level, or drift, to another. A raise may also extend to surface. There are four excavation methods for raises: Conventional or open raise; Long-hole or drop raise; Alimak; Raise boring [1] Raises serve a number of purposes including:
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