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Tiotropium is used as maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). [16] [17] It may also be used as an add-on therapy in people with moderate-to-severe asthma on medium to high dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). [18] [19] It is not however approved for acute exacerbations of COPD or acute worsening of asthma. [10]
The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO Expert Committee, 2017 (including the 20th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the 6th Model List of Essential Medicines for Children). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl: 10665/259481. ISBN 978-92-4-121015-7. ISSN 0512-3054. WHO technical report series; no. 1006.
[6]: 55–59 It is also given for cancers with a high risk of micrometastatic disease. [8]: 42 Adjuvant chemotherapy is given after a local treatment (radiotherapy or surgery). It can be used when there is little evidence of cancer present, but there is risk of recurrence.
Cancer in children is rare in the UK, with an average of 1,800 diagnoses every year but contributing to less than 1% of all cancer-related deaths. [70] Age is not a confounding factor in mortality from the disease in the UK. From 2014 to 2016, approximately 230 children died from cancer, with brain/CNS cancers being the most commonly fatal type.
Dose fractionation effects are utilised in the treatment of cancer with radiation therapy. When the total dose of radiation is divided into several, smaller doses over a period of several days, there are fewer toxic effects on healthy cells. This maximizes the effect of radiation on cancer and minimizes the negative side effects. A typical ...
For children, a typical fraction size may be 1.5 to 1.8 Gy per day, as smaller fraction sizes are associated with reduced incidence and severity of late-onset side effects in normal tissues. In some cases, two fractions per day are used near the end of a course of treatment.
"What are the Differences Between Cancer in Adults and Children?." Cancer Reference Information. 14 May 2009. American Cancer Society. 17 November 2009 <www.cancer.org> Pöder U, Ljungman G, von Essen L (May 2008). "Posttraumatic stress disorder among parents of children on cancer treatment: a longitudinal study". Psycho-Oncology. 17 (5): 430– 7.
In the United States, three children per 1,000,000 or around 30 new AT/RT cases are diagnosed each year. AT/RT represents around 3% of pediatric cancers of the CNS. [4] Around 17% of all pediatric cancers involve the CNS, making these cancers the most common childhood solid tumor. [citation needed] The survival rate for CNS tumors is around 60%.