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One of the most prestigious stained glass commissions of the 19th century, the re-glazing of the 13th-century east window of Lincoln Cathedral, Ward and Nixon, 1855. A revival of the art and craft of stained-glass window manufacture took place in early 19th-century Britain, beginning with an armorial window created by Thomas Willement in 1811–12. [1]
Aetna Glass–House: Thomas Johnson, first governor of Maryland, owned the Aetna Glass House—which was sometimes referred to as the Johnson Glass Works. The plant was located southeast of Frederick, Maryland, on Bush Creek, and production began in 1792. Products were bottles, and window glass was also made later. [81]
The glass that was used was imported from England and was incredibly expensive. [13] In the 18th century, many of these houses were restored and sash windows replaced the originals. These were invented by Robert Hooke (1635–1703) and were made so that one panel of glass easily slid up, vertically, behind another. [14]
In addition to general architectural influences, this progressive change in style resulted from several other factors. In the 1850s, the abolition of tax on glass and bricks made these items cheaper yet a suitable material and the coming of the railway allowed them to be manufactured elsewhere, at low cost and to standard sizes and methods, and brought to site.
The Old West End neighborhood of Toledo, Ohio is recognized as the largest collection of late Victorian and Edwardian homes in the United States, east of the Mississippi. [10] Summit Avenue in Saint Paul, Minnesota, has the longest line of Victorian homes in the country.
A hallway extends the entire depth of the second story and is illuminated by a lamp made of cut glass and etched glass. [30] There are three bedrooms on this story. The front of the house contains a "hall bedroom" to the east and a master bedroom to the west, while the rear of the house contains another master bedroom to the west. [ 124 ]
Tabby, made of lime, oyster shells, water, ash, and sand, was often poured out to make a hard flooring in these structures. [7] During the 18th century, the "common houses" were whitewashed in lime mortar with an oyster shell aggregate. Typically two-story, the houses included cooling porches to accommodate the Florida climate. [8]
Although glass was made at Jamestown, production was soon suspended because of strife in the colony. A second attempt at Jamestown also failed. Later attempts to produce glass were made during the 1600s; glass works in New Amsterdam and the Colony of Massachusetts Bay had some success. In the 17th century, at least two New Amsterdam glass ...