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Chapter 1. On the divisibility of numbers Chapter 2. On the congruence of numbers Chapter 3. On quadratic residues Chapter 4. On quadratic forms Chapter 5. Determination of the class number of binary quadratic forms Supplement I. Some theorems from Gauss's theory of circle division Supplement II. On the limiting value of an infinite series ...
All public schools and many private schools in Bangladesh follow the curriculum of NCTB. Starting in 2010, every year free books are distributed to students between Grade-1 to Grade-10 to eliminate illiteracy. [6] These books comprise most of the curricula of the majority of Bangladeshi schools. There are two versions of the curriculum.
After the partition of the subcontinent in 1947, the government of Pakistan established the National Library of Pakistan in Karachi in 1962 and a provincial book deposit branch of the Pakistan National Library in Dhaka in 1967. After the liberation war of Bangladesh, it was keenly felt by all quarters that a national library is indispensable ...
Now even national curriculum books from class 5 to class 12 are distributed freely among all students and schools. The educational system of Bangladesh faces several problems. In the past, Bangladesh education was primarily a British modelled upper-class affair with all courses given in English and very little being done for the common people.
Number theory is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers and arithmetic functions.German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) said, "Mathematics is the queen of the sciences—and number theory is the queen of mathematics."
Fractions: A representation of a non-integer as a ratio of two integers. These include improper fractions as well as mixed numbers . Continued fraction : An expression obtained through an iterative process of representing a number as the sum of its integer part and the reciprocal of another number, then writing this other number as the sum of ...
For example, the integers are made by adding 0 and negative numbers. The rational numbers add fractions, and the real numbers add infinite decimals. Complex numbers add the square root of −1. This chain of extensions canonically embeds the natural numbers in the other number systems. [6] [7] Natural numbers are studied in different areas of math.
If x and y are integers, rationals, or real numbers, then xy = 0 implies x = 0 or y = 0. Consider abc = 0. Then, substituting a for x and bc for y, we learn a = 0 or bc = 0. Then we can substitute again, letting x = b and y = c, to show that if bc = 0 then b = 0 or c = 0. Therefore, if abc = 0, then a = 0 or (b = 0 or c = 0), so abc = 0 implies ...