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The operating conditions' optimization of this system is the main challenge, because there are two opposing trends of the performance of the two sub-systems: by way of example, decreasing the evaporation temperature of the working fluid increases the thermal efficiency of the solar panel but decreases the performance of the heat pump, and consequently the COP. [4]
In this way, this excess heat is made useful and can be utilized to heat water or as a low temperature source for heat pumps, for example. Thus, PVT collectors make better use of the solar spectrum. [3] Most photovoltaic cells (e.g. silicon based) suffer from a drop in efficiency with increased cell temperatures.
The remaining heat requirement is supplied by one or more auxiliary sources in order to maintain the heat supply once the solar heated water is exhausted. Such auxiliary heat sources may also use other renewable energy sources (when a geothermal heat pump is used, the combisystem is called geosolar) [2] and, sometimes, rechargeable batteries.
The pump is usually switched on when the solar panel is hotter than the water in the store's heat exchanger and off when the panel is colder. Switching the pump on transfers the heat in the panel to the store. Switching it off when the panels cool prevents a reversal of the process and loss of heat from the store. The controller measures and ...
The building owner can monitor the system and respond to alarms generated by the system from local or remote locations. The system can be scheduled for occupancy or the configuration can be changed from the BAS. Sometimes the BAS is directly controlling the HVAC components. Depending on the BAS different interfaces can be used. [4]
Heat in a solar thermal system is guided by five basic principles: heat gain; heat transfer; heat storage; heat transport; and heat insulation. [59] Here, heat is the measure of the amount of thermal energy an object contains and is determined by the temperature, mass and specific heat of the object.
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When a solar water heating and hot-water central heating system are used together, solar heat will either be concentrated in a pre-heating tank that feeds into the tank heated by the central heating, or the solar heat exchanger will replace the lower heating element and the upper element will remain to provide for supplemental heat. However ...
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