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Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an apicomplexan. [3] Infections with toxoplasmosis are associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric and behavioral conditions. [8] Occasionally, people may have a few weeks or months of mild, flu-like illness such as muscle aches and tender lymph nodes. [1]
Dividing T. gondii parasites. Toxoplasma gondii (/ ˈ t ɒ k s ə ˌ p l æ z m ə ˈ ɡ ɒ n d i. aɪ,-iː /) is a species of parasitic alveolate that causes toxoplasmosis. [3] Found worldwide, T. gondii is capable of infecting virtually all warm-blooded animals, [4]: 1 but felids are the only known definitive hosts in which the parasite may undergo sexual reproduction.
Parasites can also indirectly affect the behavior of their hosts by disturbing their metabolism, development, or immunity. [9] Parasitic castrators drastically modify their hosts' metabolism and reproduction, sometimes by secreting castrating hormones, changing their behavior and physiology to benefit the parasite. [11]
TORCH syndrome is a cluster of symptoms caused by congenital infection with toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, and other organisms including syphilis, parvovirus, and Varicella zoster. [1] Zika virus is considered the most recent member of TORCH infections. [2]
Toxoplasmosis life cycle between humans and animals. Balantidium coli (Balantidiasis) is an example of a member of the phylum Ciliophora. Balantidiasis is the only ciliate known to be capable of infecting humans, and swine are the primary reservoir host. [27] Balantidiasis is opportunistic and rare in Western countries. [28]
Congenital toxoplasmosis may lead to hydrocephalus, seizures, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, rash, and fever. However, retinochoroiditis is the most common manifestation, occurring in 3/4 of cases. In congenital toxoplasmosis, the disease is bilateral in 65–85% of cases and involves the macula in 58%.
Human parasites are divided into endoparasites, which cause infection inside the body, and ectoparasites, which cause infection superficially within the skin. The cysts and eggs of endoparasites may be found in feces , which aids in the detection of the parasite in the human host while also providing the means for the parasitic species to exit ...
A Sabin–Feldman dye test is a serologic test to diagnose for toxoplasmosis. Patient serum is treated with Toxoplasma trophozoites and complement, and then incubated. Patient serum is treated with Toxoplasma trophozoites and complement, and then incubated.