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Mindfulness-based stress reduction has been demonstrated to reduce anxiety and depression for people with stress-related and chronic medical conditions. [ 38 ] One pilot study shows promise for the potential of a mindfulness-based intervention to reduce negative affect and anxiety of women during pregnancy.
Pregnancy-related anxiety is a distinct anxiety contextualized by pregnancy specific fears, worries, and concerns. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Pregnancy-related anxiety is characterized by increased concerns or excessive fears and worries about their unborn baby, childbirth , body image , and impending motherhood.
Tokophobia is a significant fear of childbirth. [1] It is a common reason why some women request an elective cesarean section. [3] Factors often include a fear of pain, death, unexpected problems, injury to the baby, sexual problems and a lack of self-belief of the capacity to birth a child. [4]
In a review by Frazier et al., acute and chronic stress during pregnancy can diminish proper immunological activity crucial during pregnancy, and can possibly induce spontaneous abortion. [44] There is still a debate on whether the miscarriage is due to the depressive disease state or the anti-depressant medication.
Hemorrhoids are common in pregnancy as a result of constipation and increased intra-abdominal pressure. Hemorrhoids can cause bleeding, pain, and itching. [31] Treatment is symptomatic, including improving underlying constipation. Symptoms may resolve spontaneously after pregnancy, although hemorrhoids may remain in the days after childbirth. [32]
Women who have chronic hypertension before their pregnancy are at increased risk of complications such as premature birth, low birthweight or stillbirth. [26] Women who have high blood pressure and had complications in their pregnancy have three times the risk of developing cardiovascular disease compared to women with normal blood pressure who ...
Medical problems can result in interventions that can be frightening. The near death of a mother or baby, heavy bleeding, and emergency operations are examples of situations that can cause psychological trauma. Premature birth may be traumatic. [7] Emotional difficulties in coping with the pain of childbirth can also cause psychological trauma.
Couvade syndrome, also called sympathetic pregnancy, is a proposed condition in which an expectant father experiences some of the same symptoms and behavior as his pregnant partner. [1] These most often include major weight gain, altered hormone levels, morning nausea , and disturbed sleep patterns.