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The medial collateral ligament (MCL), also called the superficial medial collateral ligament (sMCL) or tibial collateral ligament (TCL), [1] is one of the major ligaments of the knee. It is on the medial (inner) side of the knee joint and occurs in humans and other primates. Its primary function is to resist valgus (inward bending) forces on ...
superficial medial collateral ligament (sMCL), also called the medial collateral ligament (MCL) or tibial collateral ligament; deep medial collateral ligament (dMCL), or mid-third medial capsular ligament; posterior oblique ligament (POL), or oblique fibers of the sMCL; This complex is the major stabilizer of the medial knee.
When the MCL is stretched too far, it is susceptible to tearing and injury. This is the injury seen by the action of "clipping" in a football game. An injury to the MCL may occur as an isolated injury, or it may be part of a complex injury to the knee. Other ligaments ACL, or meniscus, may be torn along with a MCL injury. Symptoms
The valgus stress test or medial stress test is a test for damage to the medial collateral ligament of the knee. It involves placing the leg into extension, with one hand placed as a pivot on the knee. With the other hand placed upon the foot applying an abducting force, an attempt is then made to force the leg at the knee into valgus. If the ...
Fracture of the neck of the fibula may also be found, and associated injury to the medial collateral ligament or cruciate ligaments occurs in about 10% of cases. [7] [8] However, most of these fractures occur from motor vehicle accidents or falls. Injury can be due to a fall from height in which knee forced into valgus or varus.
Patients will typically present with pain at the medial knee when climbing stairs, rising from chairs or sitting with legs crossed. The site is sometimes swollen, but not always. The likelihood of per anserine bursitis is increased in patients with osteoarthritis. Sometimes they report weakness or decreased range of motion.
Although surgery has a role in repairing traumatic injuries and broken bones, arthroscopic surgeries do not provide significant or lasting improvements to either pain or function to people with knee pain, and therefore should almost never be performed. [27] Knee pain is pain caused by wear and tear, such as osteoarthritis or a meniscal tear.
Though articular cartilage damage is not life-threatening, it does strongly affect one's quality of life. Articular cartilage damage is often the cause of severe pain, knee swelling, substantial reduction in mobility and severe restrictions to one's activities. Over the last decades, however, research has focused on regenerating damaged joints.