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[8] [9] The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali use the term Īśvara in 11 verses: I.23 through I.29, II.1, II.2, II.32 and II.45. Patañjali defines Īśvara (Sanskrit: ईश्वर) in verse 24 of Book 1, as "a special Self (पुरुषविशेष, puruṣa-viśeṣa )", [ 10 ]
Roy Eugene Davis suggests Shandilya Upanishad probably pre-dates Patanjali's Yogasutras, [13] while Georg Feuerstein suggests the text probably post-dates the Yogasutras. [14] Thomas McEvilley states that the chronology of the text is uncertain, but it was probably composed around the time Dhyanabindu Upanishad and before Hatha Yoga Pradipka ...
[1] [2] Each tradition has a long list of Hindu texts, with subgenre based on syncretization of ideas from Samkhya, Nyaya, Yoga, Vedanta and other schools of Hindu philosophy. [3] [4] [5] Of these some called Sruti are broadly considered as core scriptures of Hinduism, but beyond the Sruti, the list of scriptures vary by the scholar. [6]
Mircea Eliade states that textual style, archaic language and the mention of some Yoga Upanishads in other Indian texts suggest the following Yoga Upanishads were likely composed in the same period as the didactic parts of the Mahabharata and the chief Sannyasa Upanishads: Brahmabindu (probably composed about the same time as Maitri Upanishad ...
The text, in chapter 2 verses 1–9, asserts that the empirical world is a combination of elements that evolves. [21] It includes the inanimate and the animate beings. The beings are born through four means, through an egg, through seeds, through a womb, or through sweat. [21] [22] Their body is constituted from solids and the primary fluids.
At least sixty ancient and medieval era Indian texts are known that discuss yamas. [3] Most are in Sanskrit, but some are in regional Indian languages. Of the sixty, the lists in eleven of these texts are similar, but not the same, as that of Patanjali's. [3] Other texts list between one and ten yamas; however, ten is the most common. [3]
The verses 3.1 to 3.11 assert, translates Ayyangar, that this state is "assuming the attitude of I am the Brahman and giving up that also", eliminating all bondages of the mind, and awakening the Ishvara (god) within, through one's energized Kundalini and the six Chakras. [45] This state is one of entering bliss, asserts the Upanishad. [8]
The fifth chapter's 14 verses is a further elaboration on the previous section giving detailed procedure for inner cleansing or purification; [27] the sixth chapter with 51 verses elaborates on Pranayama or breath exercises; [28] the seventh chapter through its 14 verses explains Pratyahara or the ability to withdrawal senses from the external ...