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Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is impairment of the ovaries and how they work before the age of 40 years. It can be caused by multiple factors, one being genetic. Genes and their influence determine the initial number of the primordial follicles, impact on the rate of follicular atresia, and are impactful on the age of menopause.
In 2015 a research was done on the role of autoimmunity in premature ovarian failure. [11] In 2014 there was an ovarian autoimmune disease research that revealed at least two mechanisms that protect the ovary from an autoimmune attack. [12] Research showed that Theca cells were targeting the autoimmune deficiency within the ovary.
Increased levels of these hormones will cause the body to not start puberty, not undergo menarche, and not develop secondary sex characteristics. [9] [10] If ovarian tissue is present and produces some amount of hormones, limited menstrual cycles can occur. [9] 46,XX gonadal dysgenesis can manifest from a variety of causes. [6]
Some associated characteristics include short stature, a broad shield-like chest, webbed neck, premature ovarian failure, and heart and kidney abnormalities. [8] People with XX gonadal dysgenesis do not generally have the characteristics just listed, other than the primary ovarian insufficiency.
In men, it causes impaired muscle and body hair development, gynecomastia, decreased height, erectile dysfunction, and sexual difficulties. If hypogonadism is caused by a disorder of the central nervous system (e.g., a brain tumor ), then this is known as central hypogonadism .
Female dogs bleed during estrus, which usually lasts from 7–13 days, depending on the size and maturity of the dog. Ovulation occurs 24–48 hours after the luteinizing hormone peak, which occurs around the fourth day of estrus; therefore, this is the best time to begin breeding.
Iatrogenic, e.g., due to radiation, chemotherapy or surgery, such as laserization of the surface of the ovary to treat endometriosis. Excessive laparoscopic ovarian drilling has been reported to cause premature ovarian failure. [10] [11] (The primordial follicles are located in the thin outer one-millimeter layer of the ovary.) [12]
Pyometra or pyometritis is a uterine infection. Though it is most commonly known as a disease of the unaltered female dog, it is also a notable human disease. It is also seen in female cattle, horses, goats, sheep, swine, cats, rabbits, hamsters, ferrets, rats and guinea pigs.