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C 4 plants often possess a characteristic leaf anatomy called kranz anatomy, from the German word for wreath. Their vascular bundles are surrounded by two rings of cells; the inner ring, called bundle sheath cells , contains starch -rich chloroplasts lacking grana , which differ from those in mesophyll cells present as the outer ring.
Maize (Zea mays, Poaceae) is the most widely cultivated C 4 plant.[1]In botany, C 4 carbon fixation is one of three known methods of photosynthesis used by plants. C 4 plants increase their photosynthetic efficiency by reducing or suppressing photorespiration, which mainly occurs under low atmospheric CO 2 concentration, high light, high temperature, drought, and salinity.
C4 plants have developed the C4 carbon fixation pathway to conserve water loss, thus are more prevalent in hot, sunny, and dry climates. [20] These plants differ from C3 plants because CO 2 is initially converted to a four-carbon molecule, malate, which is shuttled to bundle sheath cells, released back as CO 2 and
In a leaf, the adaxial surface of the leaf will usually be the upper side, with the abaxial surface the lower side. The sugars synthesized by the plant with sun light are transported by the phloem, which is closer to the lower surface. Aphids and leaf hoppers feed off of these sugars by tapping into the phloem. This is why aphids and leaf ...
English: The C4 pathway contains a special structure in the leaves known as Kranz anatomy. There exists a layer of mesophyll cells that contain small chloroplasts encircling bundle sheath cells that have large chloroplasts necessary for the Calvin cycle.
The plant B. cycloptera has a unique photosynthetic arrangement. As for the cellular structure of the plant, chlorenchyma cells have rubisco in the chloroplasts of the cell separated by channels and the PEPC in other cytoplasmic channels of the cell. This allows for the unique structure of the single celled C4 plant. [6]
Camphorosma is a genus of flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae, [3] [4] found in northern Africa, southern and eastern Europe, Crimea, Russia, Anatolia, the Caucasus, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Central Asia, the Altai, western Siberia, Xinjiang in China, and Mongolia. [2]
A leaf (pl.: leaves) is a principal appendage of the stem of a vascular plant, [1] usually borne laterally above ground and specialized for photosynthesis.Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", [2] [3] while the leaves, stem, flower, and fruit collectively form the shoot system. [4]