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The Society of American Indians (1911–1923) was the first national American Indian rights organization run by and for American Indians. [1] The Society pioneered twentieth century Pan-Indianism , the movement promoting unity among American Indians regardless of tribal affiliation.
Flag of the Haudenosaunee. Self-determination is defined as the movement by which the Native Americans sought to achieve restoration of tribal community, self-government, cultural renewal, reservation development, educational control and equal or controlling input into federal government decisions concerning policies and programs.
The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 allowed tribes to have more tribal control over federally subsidized programs for Indians. Another important act passed by Congress was the Indian Child Welfare Act , passed in 1978, which granted tribal government jurisdiction over child custody and adoption on the reservation.
Whether a tribe actually had a decision-making structure capable of making a treaty was a controversial issue. The national policy was for the Indians to join American society and become "civilized", which meant no more wars with neighboring tribes or raids on white settlers or travelers, and a shift from hunting to farming and ranching.
Indian termination describes United States policies relating to Native Americans from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s. [1] It was shaped by a series of laws and practices with the intent of assimilating Native Americans into mainstream American society.
The first modern Native pan-tribal organization, the Society of American Indians, formed in 1911 by young boarding school graduates, put citizenship at the top of its agenda. This was followed by ...
Native Americans in New Mexico — home to 22 federally recognized tribal communities and holdings of an Oklahoma-based tribe — were among the last to gain access to voting, decades after the U ...
The Civil War forged the U.S. into a more centralized and nationalistic country, fueling a "full bore assault on tribal culture and institutions", and pressure for Native Americans to assimilate. [3] In the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871, Congress prohibited any future treaties. This move was steadfastly opposed by Native Americans. [3]