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An enhancer localized in a DNA region distant from the promoter of a gene can have a very large effect on gene expression, with some genes undergoing up to 100-fold increased expression due to an activated enhancer. [32] Enhancers are regions of the genome that are major gene-regulatory elements. Enhancers control cell-type-specific gene ...
Enhanceosomes are formed in special cases when these activators cooperatively bind together along the enhancer sequence to create a distinct three-dimensional structure. Each enhanceosome is unique towards its specific enhancer. This assembly is facilitated by energetically favorable protein: protein and protein: DNA interactions. Therefore ...
The Ig heavy chain locus super-enhancer is a very large (25kb) cis-regulatory region, including multiple enhancers and controlling several major modifications of the locus (notably somatic hypermutation, class-switch recombination and locus suicide recombination).
T-cell development and activation is controlled by complementary placement of proximal and distal lck promoters. The generated environment of a Lck-PROX mice when approached with proximal promoter demonstrates maximal lck protein and normal thymic development, while distal promoters lead to deficient lck protein and unnormal thymic levels.
An active enhancer regulatory region is enabled to interact with the promoter region of its target gene by formation of a chromosome loop. This can initiate messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) bound to the promoter at the transcription start site of the gene. The loop is stabilized by one architectural protein anchored ...
An inactive enhancer may be bound by an inactive transcription factor. Phosphorylation of the transcription factor may activate it and that activated transcription factor may then activate the enhancer to which it is bound (see small red star representing phosphorylation of a transcription factor bound to an enhancer in the illustration). [12]
The 5′ flanking region contains the promoter, and may contain enhancers or other protein binding sites. It is the region of DNA that is not transcribed into RNA. Not to be confused with the 5′ untranslated region, this region is not transcribed into RNA or translated into a functional protein.
Enhancers range from 200 bp to 1 kb in length and can be either proximal, 5’ upstream to the promoter or within the first intron of the regulated gene, or distal, in introns of neighboring genes or intergenic regions far away from the locus.