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APA style (also known as APA format) is a writing style and format for academic documents such as scholarly journal articles and books. It is commonly used for citing sources within the field of behavioral and social sciences , including sociology, education, nursing, criminal justice, anthropology, and psychology.
MLA Style Manual, and the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers—for subjects in the arts and the humanities; published by the Modern Language Association of America (MLA). Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers—for scientific papers published by the Council of Science Editors (CSE), a group ...
General formatting requirements include recommendations on paper and margin sizes, options as to the choice of typeface, the spacing and indentation of text, pagination, and the use of titles. Formatting requirements for specific elements include the ordering and formatting of content in the front matter, main matter (text), and back matter of ...
Forms of short citations used include author-date referencing (APA style, Harvard style, or Chicago style), and author-title or author-page referencing (MLA style or Chicago style). As before, the list of footnotes is automatically generated in a "Notes" or "Footnotes" section, which immediately precedes the "References" section containing the ...
MLA Handbook grew out of the initial MLA Style Sheet of 1951 [5] (revised in 1970 [6] [7]), a 28-page "more or less official" standard. [8] The first five editions, published between 1977 and 1999 were titled MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations.
For style manuals in reference-work format, new editions typically appear every 1 to 20 years. For example, the AP Stylebook is revised every other year (since 2020). [7] The Chicago Manual of Style is in its 18th edition, while the APA and ASA styles are both in their 7th as of 2025. Many house styles and individual project styles change more ...
The scheme recommended by the MLA Handbook, [8] and the Purdue Online Writing Lab, [9] among others, uses the usual five levels, as described above, then repeats the Arabic numerals and lower-case letter surrounded by parentheses (round brackets) – I. A. 1. a. i. (1) (a) – and does not specify any lower levels, [8] [9] though "(i)" is ...
This tool can generate citations and bibliographic information in three formats, MLA Style Manual, APA style and The Chicago Manual of Style. Users are prompted to enter information obtained from an academic source, and the engine automatically delivers the bibliographic reference in the requested format.