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The difference between the electron's cyclotron frequency and its spin precession frequency in a magnetic field is proportional to g−2. An extremely high precision measurement of the quantized energies of the cyclotron orbits, or Landau levels , of the electron, compared to the quantized energies of the electron's two possible spin ...
They used a radio frequency separator (RFS) to measure time-of-flight differences and thus velocity differences between those electrons and 15-GeV gamma rays on a path length of 1015 m. They found no difference, increasing the upper limit to Δ v / c = 2 × 10 − 7 {\displaystyle \Delta v/c=2\times 10^{-7}} .
Relation between the speed and the Lorentz factor γ (and hence the time dilation of moving clocks). Time dilation as predicted by special relativity is often verified by means of particle lifetime experiments. According to special relativity, the rate of a clock C traveling between two synchronized laboratory clocks A and B, as seen by a ...
The recorded temperature differences were used to correct the data before analysis. [5] Among the other steps used to compensate for possible systematic errors, Pound and Rebka varied the speaker frequency between 10 Hz and 50 Hz and tested different transducers (ferroelectric transducers versus moving coil magnetic speaker coils). [7]
The relationship between frequency (proportional to energy) and wavenumber or velocity (proportional to momentum) is called a dispersion relation. Light waves in a vacuum have linear dispersion relation between frequency: ω = c k {\displaystyle \omega =ck} .
summed over all allowed initial and final states leading to the energy and momentum being observed. [2] Here, E is measured with respect to the Fermi level E F, and E k with respect to vacuum so = + where , the work function, is the energy difference between the two referent levels. The work function is material, surface orientation, and ...
Diagram illustrating the relationship between the wavenumber and the other properties of harmonic waves. In the physical sciences, the wavenumber (or wave number), also known as repetency, [1] is the spatial frequency of a wave, measured in cycles per unit distance (ordinary wavenumber) or radians per unit distance (angular wavenumber).
For photons, this is the relation, discovered in 19th century classical electromagnetism, between radiant momentum (causing radiation pressure) and radiant energy. If the body's speed v is much less than c , then ( 1 ) reduces to E = 1 / 2 m 0 v 2 + m 0 c 2 ; that is, the body's total energy is simply its classical kinetic energy ...