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The atlas (C1) is the topmost vertebra, and along with the axis forms the joint connecting the skull and spine. It lacks a vertebral body, spinous process, and discs either superior or inferior to it. It is ring-like and consists of an anterior arch, posterior arch, and two lateral masses. The axis (C2) forms the pivot on which the atlas rotates.
Retrolistheses are most easily diagnosed on lateral x-ray views of the spine. Views where care has been taken to expose for a true lateral view without any rotation offer the best diagnostic quality. Retrolistheses are found most prominently in the cervical spine and lumbar region but can also be seen in the thoracic area.
1. Cervical spine x-ray (lateral view) Once there is an onset of the symptoms in the patient, the patients are screened through cervical-spinal imaging techniques: X-ray, CT, MRI. The scanning technique points out any cervical vertebrae defects and misalignments. (Image 1. and 2.)
Retrolistheses are most easily diagnosed on lateral x-ray views of the spine. Views, where care has been taken to expose for a true lateral view without any rotation, offer the best diagnostic quality. Retrolistheses are found most prominently in the cervical and lumbar region, but can also be seen in the thoracic area.
Scottie dog sign is a radiological sign which refers to the appearance of lumbar spine in oblique view X-ray. [1] In the X-ray, the spine can be visualised as the lateral view of a Scottie dog, [2] with the pedicle as the eye, the transverse process as the nose, the superior articular facet as the ear and the inferior articular facet as the front leg, spinous process as the body.
The upper cervical spine has a curve, convex forward, that begins at the axis (second cervical vertebra) at the apex of the odontoid process or dens and ends at the middle of the second thoracic vertebra; it is the least marked of all the curves. This inward curve is known as a lordotic curve. A thoracic spine X-ray of a 57-year-old male.
X-ray consists of a three view cervical x-ray series, adding a swimmer's view if the lateral doesn't include the C7/T1 interface. CT scan should be thin slices, ideally 1.5 mm or less. [9] It should include first thoracic vertebra. [10]
Lateral (from Latin lateralis 'to the side') describes something to the sides of an animal, as in "left lateral" and "right lateral". Medial (from Latin medius 'middle') describes structures close to the midline, [2] or closer to the midline than another structure. For example, in a human, the arms are lateral to the torso.