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In the United States, use of deadly force by police has been a high-profile and contentious issue. [1] In 2022, 1,096 people were killed by police shootings according to The Washington Post, [2] while according to the "Mapping Police Violence" (MPV) project, 1,176 people were killed by police in total.
Deadly force, also known as lethal force, is the use of force that is likely to cause serious bodily injury or death to another person. In most jurisdictions, the use of deadly force is justified only under conditions of extreme necessity as a last resort , when all lesser means have failed or cannot reasonably be employed.
Map of per capita police killings in the United States in 2018. [1]Below are lists of people killed by law enforcement in the United States, both on duty and off duty. . Although Congress instructed the Attorney General in 1994 to compile and publish annual statistics on police use of excessive force, this was never carried out, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation does not collect the
Under U.S. law the fleeing felon rule was limited in 1985 to non-lethal force in most cases by Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1.The justices held that deadly force "may not be used unless necessary to prevent the escape and the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious bodily harm to the officer or others."
James J. Fyfe (February 16, 1942 – November 12, 2005) was an American criminologist, a leading authority on the police use of force and police accountability, and a police administrator. His research on the police use of deadly force has been cited extensively, most notably in the 1985 Supreme Court case of Tennessee v.
[71] [72] Starting around 2005, courts increasingly applied the doctrine to cases involving the use of excessive or deadly force by police, leading to widespread criticism that it, in the words of a 2020 Reuters report, "has become a nearly failsafe tool to let police brutality go unpunished and deny victims their constitutional rights". [73]
This list compiles incidents alleged or proved to be due to police brutality that attracted significant media or historical attention. Many cases are alleged to be of brutality; some cases are more than allegations, with official reports concluding that a crime was committed by police, with some criminal convictions for offences such as grievous bodily harm, planting evidence and wrongful arrest.
Official numbers are considerably lower. Official 2018 statistics show only 46 deaths in police custody and 24 deaths of people in police/judicial remand and an additional 21 civilian killed during police operations for a total of 91 nationally. See Table 16A and 16B.4 of Official Govt. of India publication: Crime in India 2018 [48] [49] Australia