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Fourth normal form (4NF) is a normal form used in database normalization. Introduced by Ronald Fagin in 1977, 4NF is the next level of normalization after Boyce–Codd normal form (BCNF). Whereas the second , third , and Boyce–Codd normal forms are concerned with functional dependencies , 4NF is concerned with a more general type of ...
Codd went on to define the second normal form (2NF) and third normal form (3NF) in 1971, [5] and Codd and Raymond F. Boyce defined the Boyce–Codd normal form (BCNF) in 1974. [6] Ronald Fagin introduced the fourth normal form (4NF) in 1977 and the fifth normal form (5NF) in 1979. Christopher J. Date introduced the sixth normal form (6NF) in 2003.
In database normalization, fourth normal form requires that for every nontrivial multivalued dependency X Y, X is a superkey. A multivalued dependency X ↠ {\displaystyle \twoheadrightarrow } Y is trivial if Y is a subset of X , or if X ∪ Y {\displaystyle X\cup Y} is the whole set of attributes of the relation.
Fifth normal form (5NF), also known as projection–join normal form (PJ/NF), is a level of database normalization designed to remove redundancy in relational databases recording multi-valued facts by isolating semantically related multiple relationships.
For example, an JSON or XML database might support duplicate records and intrinsic ordering. Such database can be described as non-relational. But there are also database models which support the relational view, but does not embrace first normal form. [4] Such models are called non-first normal form relations (abbreviated NFR, N1NF or NF 2).
The article says: 4NF is the next level of normalization after Boyce-Codd normal form. This seems to point that every 4NF is also BCNF. But later states "Ronald Fagin demonstrated[2] that it is always possible to achieve 4NF". And we know that to achieve BCNF is not always possible.
The sixth normal form is currently as of 2009 being used in some data warehouses where the benefits outweigh the drawbacks, [9] for example using anchor modeling.Although using 6NF leads to an explosion of tables, modern databases can prune the tables from select queries (using a process called 'table elimination' - so that a query can be solved without even reading some of the tables that the ...
For example, all the relations are in third normal form and any relations with join dependencies and multi-valued dependencies are handled appropriately. Examples of denormalization techniques include: "Storing" the count of the "many" elements in a one-to-many relationship as an attribute of the "one" relation