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Late in this period (particularly 1879–1883), major scientific breakthroughs toward the treatment of cholera develop: the first immunization by Pasteur, the development of the first cholera vaccine, and identification of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae by Filippo Pacini and Robert Koch. After a long hiatus, a seventh cholera pandemic spread in ...
Cholera likely has its origins in the Indian subcontinent as evidenced by its prevalence in the region for centuries. [17] References to cholera appear in the European literature as early as 1642, from the Dutch physician Jakob de Bondt's description in his De Medicina Indorum. [93] (The "Indorum" of the title refers to the East Indies.
CTXφ can transmit cholera toxin genes from one V. cholerae strain to another, one form of horizontal gene transfer. The genes for toxin coregulated pilus are coded by the Vibrio pathogenicity island (VPI), which is separate from the prophage. [1] The larger first chromosome is 3 Mbp long with 2,770 open reading frames (ORFs).
Cholera dissemination across Asia and Europe in 1817–1831. In the years after the pandemic subsided in many areas of the world, there were still small outbreaks, and pockets of cholera remained. [8] In the period from 1823 to 1829, the first cholera outbreak remained outside of much of Europe. [8]
1884-1885 – First vaccine for cholera by Jaime Ferran y Clua [3] [4] 1885 – First vaccine for rabies by Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux [5] [6] 1890 – First vaccine for tetanus (serum antitoxin) by Emil von Behring [7] 1896 – First vaccine for typhoid fever by Almroth Edward Wright, Richard Pfeiffer, and Wilhelm Kolle [8]
Cholera dissemination across Asia and Europe in 1817–1831. The first cholera pandemic (1817–24) began near Kolkata and spread throughout Southeast Asia to the Middle East, eastern Africa, and the Mediterranean coast. While cholera had spread across India many times previously, this outbreak went farther; it reached as far as China and the ...
The Nashville cholera epidemic was part of the third cholera pandemic that occurred between 1846 and 1860. It began in South Asia and was spread globally by travelers. In the United States, the disease outbreak was first recorded in December 1848 at two ports: New York City on December 2 and New Orleans on December 11. It spread into the ...
EgyptĖ 1883 Cholera epidemic in Cairo. In late June 1883, the first cases of cholera in Egypt, recently occupied by the British Empire in 1882, occurred in the port city of Damietta on the Mediterranean coast and rapidly spread in the Nile Delta and throughout the country in the summer and autumn, [26] "notwithstanding cordons maintained with a degree of severity and cruelty almost unexampled ...