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The Keynesian cross diagram includes an identity line to show states in which aggregate demand equals output. In a 2-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system, with x representing the abscissa and y the ordinate, the identity line [1] [2] or line of equality [3] is the y = x line. The line, sometimes called the 1:1 line, has a slope of 1. [4]
In set theory and graph theory, denotes the set of n-tuples of elements of , that is, ordered sequences of elements that are not necessarily distinct. In the edge ( x , y ) {\displaystyle (x,y)} directed from x {\displaystyle x} to y {\displaystyle y} , the vertices x {\displaystyle x} and y {\displaystyle y} are called the endpoints of the ...
In graph theory, Graph equations are equations in which the unknowns are graphs. One of the central questions of graph theory concerns the notion of isomorphism. We ask: When are two graphs the same? (i.e., graph isomorphism) The graphs in question may be expressed differently in terms of graph equations. [1]
An ordered pair of vertices, such as an edge in a directed graph. An arrow (x, y) has a tail x, a head y, and a direction from x to y; y is said to be the direct successor to x and x the direct predecessor to y. The arrow (y, x) is the inverted arrow of the arrow (x, y). articulation point A vertex in a connected graph whose removal would ...
A "harmonious labeling" on a graph G is an injection from the vertices of G to the group of integers modulo k, where k is the number of edges of G, that induces a bijection between the edges of G and the numbers modulo k by taking the edge label for an edge (x, y) to be the sum of the labels of the two vertices x, y (mod k). A "harmonious graph ...
A line graph has an articulation point if and only if the underlying graph has a bridge for which neither endpoint has degree one. [2] For a graph G with n vertices and m edges, the number of vertices of the line graph L(G) is m, and the number of edges of L(G) is half the sum of the squares of the degrees of the vertices in G, minus m. [6]
graph intersection: G 1 ∩ G 2 = (V 1 ∩ V 2, E 1 ∩ E 2); [1] graph join: . Graph with all the edges that connect the vertices of the first graph with the vertices of the second graph. It is a commutative operation (for unlabelled graphs); [2] graph products based on the cartesian product of the vertex sets:
The graph shown here appears as a subgraph of an undirected graph if and only if models the sentence ,,,... In the first-order logic of graphs, a graph property is expressed as a quantified logical sentence whose variables represent graph vertices, with predicates for equality and adjacency testing.