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The flatness problem (also known as the oldness problem) is a cosmological fine-tuning problem within the Big Bang model of the universe. Such problems arise from the observation that some of the initial conditions of the universe appear to be fine-tuned to very 'special' values, and that small deviations from these values would have extreme ...
In art criticism of the 1960s and 1970s, flatness described the smoothness and absence of curvature or surface detail of a two-dimensional work of art. Views
The flatness and horizon problems are naturally solved in the Einstein–Cartan–Sciama–Kibble theory of gravity, without needing an exotic form of matter or free parameters. [ 122 ] [ 123 ] This theory extends general relativity by removing a constraint of the symmetry of the affine connection and regarding its antisymmetric part, the ...
The measuring instruments he co-invented ... the use of the Face flat floor technologies and processes resulted in a 100% improvement in concrete floor flatness ...
Flatness is more easily measured with a co-ordinate measuring machine. But neither of these methods can measure flatness more accurately than about 2.5 μm (9.8 × 10 −5 in). Optical flats in a wooden case. Another method that is commonly used with lapped parts is the reflection and interference of monochromatic light. [1]
A flatness test of a float-glass optical window. By placing a ruler across the image, adjacent to a fringe, and counting how many fringes cross it, the flatness of the surface can be measured along any line. The window has a flatness of 4–6λ (~2100–3100 nm) per inch. An optical flat test in both green and red.
In cosmology, flatness is a property of a space without curvature. Such a space is called a "flat space" or Euclidean space. [citation needed]
The Twyman–Green interferometer, invented by Twyman and Green in 1916, is a variant of the Michelson interferometer widely used to test optical components. [58] The basic characteristics distinguishing it from the Michelson configuration are the use of a monochromatic point light source and a collimator.