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Water chlorination is the process of adding chlorine or chlorine compounds such as sodium hypochlorite to water. This method is used to kill bacteria, viruses and other microbes in water. This method is used to kill bacteria, viruses and other microbes in water.
As another difference, chlorine has a significant chemistry in positive oxidation states while fluorine does not. Chlorination often leads to higher oxidation states than bromination or iodination but lower oxidation states than fluorination. Chlorine tends to react with compounds including M–M, M–H, or M–C bonds to form M–Cl bonds. [40]
Chlorine and oxygen can bond in a number of ways: chlorine monoxide radical, ClO•, chlorine (II) oxide radical; chloroperoxyl radical, ClOO•, chlorine (II) peroxide radical; chlorine dioxide, ClO 2, chlorine (IV) oxide; chlorine trioxide radical, ClO 3 •, chlorine (VI) oxide radical; chlorine tetroxide radical, ClO 4 •, chlorine (VII ...
Several elements show their highest oxidation state only in a few compounds, one of which is the fluoride; and some elements' highest known oxidation state is seen exclusively in a fluoride. For groups 1–5, 13–16 (except nitrogen), the highest oxidation states of oxides and fluorides are always equal. Differences are only seen in chromium ...
Water splitting can be done at higher pH values as well however the standard potentials will vary according to the Nernst equation and therefore shift by -59 mV for each pH unit increase. However, the total cell potential (difference between oxidation and reduction half cell potentials) will remain 1.23 V.
Chloride is also a useful and reliable chemical indicator of river and groundwater fecal contamination, as chloride is a non-reactive solute and ubiquitous to sewage and potable water. Many water regulating companies around the world utilize chloride to check the contamination levels of the rivers and potable water sources. [24]
Its use began in the 1940s, following studies of children in a region where water is naturally fluoridated. It is now used widely in public water systems in the United States and some other parts of the world, such that about two-thirds of the U.S. population is exposed to fluoridated water supplies [5] and about 5.7% of people worldwide. [6]
Fluoridation of water has been practiced around the world to improve citizens' dental health. It is also deemed as major health success. [65] Fluoride concentration levels in water supplies are regulated, such as United States Environmental Protection Agency regulates fluoride levels to not be greater than 4 milligrams per liter. [66]