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  2. Euclidean distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_distance

    That is (unlike road distance with one-way streets) the distance between two points does not depend on which of the two points is the start and which is the destination. [11] It is positive, meaning that the distance between every two distinct points is a positive number, while the distance from any point to itself is zero. [11]

  3. Gilbert–Johnson–Keerthi distance algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert–Johnson–Keerthi...

    "A fast procedure for computing the distance between complex objects in three-dimensional space", Gilbert, Johnson and Keerthi - the initial publication "Computing the Distance between Objects", Oxford professor Stephen Cameron's implementation of GJK "A Strange But Elegant Approach to a Surprisingly Hard Problem (GJK Algorithm)"

  4. Complex number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number

    A complex number can be visually represented as a pair of numbers (a, b) forming a vector on a diagram called an Argand diagram, representing the complex plane. Re is the real axis, Im is the imaginary axis, and i is the "imaginary unit", that satisfies i 2 = −1.

  5. Polar coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_coordinate_system

    The complex number z can be represented in rectangular form as = + where i is the imaginary unit, or can alternatively be written in polar form as = (⁡ + ⁡) and from there, by Euler's formula, [14] as = = ⁡. where e is Euler's number, and φ, expressed in radians, is the principal value of the complex number function arg applied to x + iy ...

  6. Complex plane - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_plane

    The multiplication of two complex numbers can be expressed more easily in polar coordinates: the magnitude or modulus of the product is the product of the two absolute values, or moduli, and the angle or argument of the product is the sum of the two angles, or arguments. In particular, multiplication by a complex number of modulus 1 acts as a ...

  7. Magnitude (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_(mathematics)

    For numbers, the absolute value of a number is commonly applied as the measure of units between a number and zero. In vector spaces, the Euclidean norm is a measure of magnitude used to define a distance between two points in space. In physics, magnitude can be defined as quantity or distance.

  8. Hausdorff distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausdorff_distance

    The Hausdorff distance is the longest distance someone can be forced to travel by an adversary who chooses a point in one of the two sets, from where they then must travel to the other set. In other words, it is the greatest of all the distances from a point in one set to the closest point in the other set.

  9. Constructible number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructible_number

    Alternatively, the same system of complex numbers may be defined as the complex numbers whose real and imaginary parts are both constructible real numbers. [13] For instance, the complex number i {\displaystyle i} has the formulas − 1 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {-1}}} or 0 − 1 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {0-1}}} , and its real and imaginary parts are ...