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Prior to World War II, most public schools in the country were de jure or de facto segregated. All Southern states had Jim Crow Laws mandating racial segregation of schools. . Northern states and some border states were primarily white (in 1940, the populations of Detroit and Chicago were more than 90% white) and existing black populations were concentrated in urban ghettos partly as the ...
The implementation of school integration policies did not just affect black and white students; in recent years, scholars have noted how the integration of public schools significantly affected Hispanic populations in the south and southwest. Historically, Hispanic-Americans were legally considered white.
Counts, George S. School and Society in Chicago (1928) online "Free Public Schools of Chicago" Eclectic Journal of Education and Literary Review (January 15, 1851). 2#20 online; Havighurst, Robert J. The public schools of Chicago: a survey for the Board of Education of the City of Chicago (1964). online
Though the case was decided in 1954, it was followed by more than a decade of delay and avoidance before school districts began to meaningfully allow Black students to enter white schools. It took further court rulings, monitoring and enforcement to bring a short-lived era of integration to hundreds of school districts.
Southern Blacks wanted public schools for their children but they did not demand racially integrated schools. Almost all the new public schools were segregated, apart from a few in New Orleans. After the Republicans lost power in the mid-1870s, conservative whites retained the public school systems but sharply cut their funding. [35]
During the 2019-2020 school year, many schools closed after the COVID-19 pandemic hit, leaving school bus drivers without work and adequate pay. Many found other employment by the time schools opened.
[7] [8] The black community wanted black principals and teachers, or (in private schools) highly supportive whites sponsored by northern churches. Public schools were segregated throughout the South during Reconstruction and afterward into the 1950s. New Orleans was a partial exception: its schools were usually integrated during Reconstruction. [9]
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