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The grade (US) or gradient (UK) (also called stepth, slope, incline, mainfall, pitch or rise) of a physical feature, landform or constructed line refers to the tangent of the angle of that surface to the horizontal. It is a special case of the slope, where zero indicates horizontality. A larger number indicates higher or steeper degree of "tilt".
The profile is the vertical aspect of the road, including crest and sag curves, and the straight grade lines connecting them. The cross section shows the position and number of vehicle and bicycle lanes and sidewalks, along with their cross slope or banking. Cross sections also show drainage features, pavement structure and other items outside ...
Typical values of drainage gradient. Typically on straight road sections, the drainage gradient is at least 1–3% due to the normal cross slope of 1–3%. In curved sections the drainage gradient is higher, and may often reach 5–12% due to superelevated CS that may reach 5–8% in areas with icy roads and up to 12% in areas without icy roads.
Worked by adhesion between 1878 and 2001, currently out of service. 1 in 22. (4.5%) Balsam Mountain Grade. Balsam N.C. Balsam Mountain, home of highest railroad station east of the Rockies; average grade about 4.0%, max 4.5%. 1 of 2 grades on southern railways former Murphy branch that are +4% grade.
Thus, to estimate the P factor value in the RUSLE formula, a combination of land use type and slope gradient is often used, where a lower value indicates more effective control of soil erosion. [ 9 ] The practice of creating field boundaries, such as stone walls, hedgerows, earth banks, and lynchets, was effective in preventing or reducing soil ...
As "percent" it is used to describe the grade or slope, the steepness of a road or railway, formula for which is 100 × rise / run which could also be expressed as the tangent of the angle of inclination times 100. This is the ratio of distances a vehicle would advance vertically and horizontally, respectively, when going up- or ...
The economy expanded by 2.8% last quarter, according to advanced GDP estimates from the Commerce Department. Still, the outlook for a recession remains mixed on Wall Street, with some forecasters ...
Substituting into the Clapeyron equation =, we can obtain the Clausius–Clapeyron equation [7]: 509 = for low temperatures and pressures, [7]: 509 where is the specific latent heat of the substance. Instead of the specific, corresponding molar values (i.e. L {\displaystyle L} in kJ/mol and R = 8.31 J/(mol⋅K)) may also be used.