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Plant cell structure. Animal cell structure. A vacuole ( / ˈvækjuːoʊl /) is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal, and bacterial cells. [ 1][ 2] Vacuoles are essentially enclosed compartments which are filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including enzymes in ...
1) An increased rate of evaporation due to a temperature rise will hasten the loss of water. 2) Decreased relativehumidity outside the leaf will increase the water potential gradient. Relative humidity. Drier surroundings give a steeper water potential gradient, and so increase the rate of transpiration. Wind.
Evolutionary history of plants. A late Silurian sporangium, artificially colored. Green: A spore tetrad. Blue: A spore bearing a trilete mark – the Y -shaped scar. The spores are about 30–35 μm across. The evolution of plants has resulted in a wide range of complexity, from the earliest algal mats of unicellular archaeplastids evolved ...
Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning, or physiology, of plants. [1]A germination rate experiment. Plant physiologists study fundamental processes of plants, such as photosynthesis, respiration, plant nutrition, plant hormone functions, tropisms, nastic movements, photoperiodism, photomorphogenesis, circadian rhythms, environmental stress physiology, seed ...
The history of botany examines the human effort to understand life on Earth by tracing the historical development of the discipline of botany —that part of natural science dealing with organisms traditionally treated as plants. Rudimentary botanical science began with empirically based plant lore passed from generation to generation in the ...
Most of these plants have true roots and leaves, and many were quite tall. The tree-like Archaeopteris, ancestral to the gymnosperms, and the giant cladoxylopsid trees had true wood. These are the oldest known trees of the world's first forests. Prototaxites was the fruiting body of an enormous fungus that stood more than 8 meters tall. By the ...
Plant morphology. Phytomorphology is the study of the physical form and external structure of plants. [ 1] This is usually considered distinct from plant anatomy, [ 1] which is the study of the internal structure of plants, especially at the microscopic level. [ 2] Plant morphology is useful in the visual identification of plants.
Plant ecophysiology is concerned largely with two topics: mechanisms (how plants sense and respond to environmental change) and scaling or integration (how the responses to highly variable conditions—for example, gradients from full sunlight to 95% shade within tree canopies—are coordinated with one another), and how their collective effect on plant growth and gas exchange can be ...