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Logical equivalence. In logic and mathematics, statements and are said to be logically equivalent if they have the same truth value in every model. [ 1] The logical equivalence of and is sometimes expressed as , , , or , depending on the notation being used. However, these symbols are also used for material equivalence, so proper interpretation ...
v. t. e. A truth table is a mathematical table used in logic —specifically in connection with Boolean algebra, Boolean functions, and propositional calculus —which sets out the functional values of logical expressions on each of their functional arguments, that is, for each combination of values taken by their logical variables. [1]
Conjunctive normal form. In Boolean logic, a formula is in conjunctive normal form ( CNF) or clausal normal form if it is a conjunction of one or more clauses, where a clause is a disjunction of literals; otherwise put, it is a product of sums or an AND of ORs. As a canonical normal form, it is useful in automated theorem proving and circuit ...
Existential generalization / instantiation. In propositional logic and Boolean algebra, De Morgan's laws, [ 1][ 2][ 3] also known as De Morgan's theorem, [ 4] are a pair of transformation rules that are both valid rules of inference. They are named after Augustus De Morgan, a 19th-century British mathematician.
The propositional calculus [a] is a branch of logic. [1] It is also called propositional logic, [2] statement logic, [1] sentential calculus, [3] sentential logic, [1] or sometimes zeroth-order logic. [4] [5] It deals with propositions [1] (which can be true or false) [6] and relations between propositions, [7] including the construction of ...
In logic, a rule of replacement[ 1][ 2][ 3] is a transformation rule that may be applied to only a particular segment of an expression. A logical system may be constructed so that it uses either axioms, rules of inference, or both as transformation rules for logical expressions in the system. Whereas a rule of inference is always applied to a ...
Propositional formula. In propositional logic, a propositional formula is a type of syntactic formula which is well formed. If the values of all variables in a propositional formula are given, it determines a unique truth value. A propositional formula may also be called a propositional expression, a sentence, or a sentential formula .
propositional logic, Boolean algebra, first-order logic. ⊥ {\displaystyle \bot } denotes a proposition that is always false. The symbol ⊥ may also refer to perpendicular lines. The proposition. ⊥ ∧ P {\displaystyle \bot \wedge P} is always false since at least one of the two is unconditionally false. ∀.