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In mathematics, summation is the addition of a sequence of numbers, called addends or summands; the result is their sum or total.Beside numbers, other types of values can be summed as well: functions, vectors, matrices, polynomials and, in general, elements of any type of mathematical objects on which an operation denoted "+" is defined.
The Minkowski sum of two sets and of real numbers is the set + := {+:,} consisting of all possible arithmetic sums of pairs of numbers, one from each set. The infimum and supremum of the Minkowski sum satisfy, if A ≠ ∅ ≠ B {\displaystyle A\neq \varnothing \neq B} inf ( A + B ) = ( inf A ) + ( inf B ) {\displaystyle \inf(A+B)=(\inf A ...
where is the set of square numbers. A subject that has received a fair amount of study is that of sets with small doubling , where the size of the set A + A {\displaystyle A+A} is small (compared to the size of A {\displaystyle A} ); see for example Freiman's theorem .
The sum of the reciprocals of the Proth primes, of which there may be finitely many or infinitely many, is known to be finite, approximately 0.747392479. [2] The prime quadruplets are pairs of twin primes with only one odd number between them. The sum of the reciprocals of the numbers in prime quadruplets is approximately 0.8706.
The number of k-combinations for all k is the number of subsets of a set of n elements. There are several ways to see that this number is 2 n. In terms of combinations, () =, which is the sum of the nth row (counting from 0) of the binomial coefficients in Pascal's triangle.
In number theory and combinatorics, a partition of a non-negative integer n, also called an integer partition, is a way of writing n as a sum of positive integers. Two sums that differ only in the order of their summands are considered the same partition. (If order matters, the sum becomes a composition.)
Computation of the sum 2 + 5 + 8 + 11 + 14. When the sequence is reversed and added to itself term by term, the resulting sequence has a single repeated value in it, equal to the sum of the first and last numbers (2 + 14 = 16). Thus 16 × 5 = 80 is twice the sum.
The Stirling number {} is the number of ways to partition a set of cardinality n into exactly k nonempty subsets. Thus, in the equation relating the Bell numbers to the Stirling numbers, each partition counted on the left hand side of the equation is counted in exactly one of the terms of the sum on the right hand side, the one for which k is ...