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For these reasons NASA's Kepler Mission is searching for habitable planets at nearby main-sequence stars that are less massive than spectral type A but more massive than type M—making the most probable stars to host life dwarf stars of types F, G, and K. [128]
The coolest of these, 2MASS J10475385+2124234 with a temperature of 800-900 K, retains a magnetic field stronger than 1.7 kG, making it some 3000 times stronger than the Earth's magnetic field. [18] Radio observations also suggest that their magnetic fields periodically change their orientation, similar to the Sun during the solar cycle. [19]
Given the large spread in the masses of planets within a circumstellar habitable zone, coupled with the discovery of super-Earth planets that can sustain thicker atmospheres and stronger magnetic fields than Earth, circumstellar habitable zones are now split into two separate regions—a "conservative habitable zone" in which lower-mass planets ...
Astronomers have found that planet formation in the young Solar System started much earlier than previously thought. According to the research, the building blocks of planets started growing at ...
It is known that small planets (of roughly Earth-like mass or slightly larger) are more common than giant planets. [6] It also appears that there are more planets in large orbits than in small orbits. Based on this, it is estimated that about 20% of Sun-like stars have at least one giant planet, whereas at least 40% may have planets of lower mass.
The planets' orbits are chaotic over longer time scales, in such a way that the whole Solar System possesses a Lyapunov time in the range of 2~230 million years. [3] In all cases, this means that the positions of individual planets along their orbits ultimately become impossible to predict with any certainty.
These magnetic fields are a hundred million times stronger than any man-made magnet, [11] and about a trillion times more powerful than the field surrounding Earth. [12] Earth has a geomagnetic field of 30–60 microteslas, and a neodymium-based, rare-earth magnet has a field of about 1.25 tesla, with a magnetic energy density of 4.0 × 10 5 J ...
Young stars (purple) revealed by X-ray inside the NGC 2024 star-forming region. [40] X-ray observations have proven useful for studying young stars, since X-ray emission from these objects is about 100–100,000 times stronger than X-ray emission from main-sequence stars. [41]