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The first GPT model was known as "GPT-1," and it was followed by "GPT-2" in February 2019. Created as a direct scale-up of its predecessor, GPT-2 had both its parameter count and dataset size increased by a factor of 10. It had 1.5 billion parameters, and was trained on a dataset of 8 million web pages. [9]
Release date Training cost GPT-1: 12-level, 12-headed Transformer decoder (no encoder), followed by linear-softmax. 117 million BookCorpus: [39] 4.5 GB of text, from 7000 unpublished books of various genres. June 11, 2018 [9] 30 days on 8 P600 GPUs, or 1 petaFLOP/s-day. [9] GPT-2: GPT-1, but with modified normalization 1.5 billion
It was partially released in February 2019, followed by full release of the 1.5-billion-parameter model on November 5, 2019. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] GPT-2 was created as a "direct scale-up" of GPT-1 [ 6 ] with a ten-fold increase in both its parameter count and the size of its training dataset. [ 5 ]
Reinforcement learning was used to teach o3 to "think" before generating answers, using what OpenAI refers to as a "private chain of thought".This approach enables the model to plan ahead and reason through tasks, performing a series of intermediate reasoning steps to assist in solving the problem, at the cost of additional computing power and increased latency of responses.
It planned to spend the $1 billion "within five years, and possibly much faster". [44] Altman has stated that even a billion dollars may turn out to be insufficient, and that the lab may ultimately need "more capital than any non-profit has ever raised" to achieve artificial general intelligence.
By mid-2019, OpenAI had already received over $1 billion in funding from Microsoft and Khosla Ventures, [55] [56] [57] and in January 2023, following the launch of DALL-E 2 and ChatGPT, received an additional $10 billion in funding from Microsoft. [58] Japan's anime community has had a negative reaction to DALL-E 2 and similar models.
GPT-4o has knowledge up to October 2023, [15] [16] but can access the Internet if up-to-date information is needed. It has a context length of 128k tokens [ 15 ] with an output token limit capped to 4,096, [ 16 ] and after a later update (gpt-4o-2024-08-06) to 16,384.
ChatGPT is a generative artificial intelligence chatbot [2] [3] developed by OpenAI and launched in 2022. It is currently based on the GPT-4o large language model (LLM). ChatGPT can generate human-like conversational responses and enables users to refine and steer a conversation towards a desired length, format, style, level of detail, and language. [4]