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Many East Asian scripts can be written horizontally or vertically. Chinese characters, Korean hangul, and Japanese kana may be oriented along either axis, as they consist mainly of disconnected logographic or syllabic units, each occupying a square block of space, thus allowing for flexibility for which direction texts can be written, be it horizontally from left-to-right, horizontally from ...
Their original Chinese text is placed horizontally in manhua from mainland China and read from left-to-right (like Western comics and Korean manhwa), while Taiwanese and Hong Kongese manhua have the characters rendered vertically top-to-bottom and sentences are read from right-to-left (like Japanese manga).
Left-to-right formatting has gone from the rule to the exception. Translated manga often includes notes on details of Japanese culture that foreign audiences may not find familiar. One company, Tokyopop (founded 1997), produces manga in the United States with the right-to-left format as a highly publicised point-of-difference. [citation needed]
Traditionally, manga stories flow from top to bottom and from right to left. Some publishers of translated manga keep to this original format. Other publishers mirror the pages horizontally before printing the translation, changing the reading direction to a more "Western" left to right, so as not to confuse foreign readers or traditional ...
Right-to-left is the norm for reading Chinese texts, transferred to Japan, and of course this norm converts to reading images. Moreover, there are scrolls WAY before the 12th century that are visual and read right to left, such as the 9th c Karma Scroll.
The form of manga as speech-balloon-based comics more specifically originated from translations of American comic strips in the 1920s; several early examples of such manga read left-to-right, with the longest-running pre-1945 manga being the Japanese translation of the American comic strip Bringing Up Father. [2]
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Yonkoma manga (4コマ漫画, "four cell manga" or 4-koma for short) is a comic strip format that generally consists of gag comic strips within four panels of equal size ordered from top to bottom. They also sometimes run right-to-left horizontally or use a hybrid 2×2 style, depending on the layout requirements of the publication in which they ...