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The most efficient method of industrial oil degassing is vacuum processing, which removes air and water solved in the oil. [6] This can be achieved by: spraying of oil in large vacuum chambers; distributing the oil into a thin layer over special surfaces (spiral rings, Raschig rings etc) in vacuum chambers.
Countercurrent distribution, therefore, is a method of using a series of vessels (separatory funnels) to separate compounds by a sequence of liquid-liquid extraction operations. Contrary to liquid-liquid extraction, in the CCD instruments the upper phase is decanted from the lower phase once the phases have settled.
It is a common observation that when oil and water are poured into the same container, they separate into two phases or layers, because they are immiscible.In general, aqueous (or water-based) solutions, being polar, are immiscible with non-polar organic solvents (cooking oil, chloroform, toluene, hexane etc.) and form a two-phase system.
There are generally two methods for removing carbon dioxide from the water sample: use of a reboiler to heat the sample and expel the CO 2, and use of inert gasses. In the latter method, an inert gas which does not contain CO 2 is passed through the sample water, whereby the gas components in the sample water are displaced by the gas components ...
Narrow-bore columns (1–2 mm) are used for applications when more sensitivity is desired either with special UV-vis detectors, fluorescence detection or with other detection methods like liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Capillary columns (under 0.3 mm) are used almost exclusively with alternative detection means such as mass spectrometry.
SPE is in fact a method of chromatography, in the sense of having a mobile phase, carrying mixtures through a stationary phase, packed inside a column.The chromatographic process is harnessed to create a solid-liquid extractive technique—allowing separation of a mixture of components by taking advantage of large differences between the solid and liquid phase K eq, or equilibrium constant ...
A Soxhlet extractor has three main sections: a percolator (boiler and reflux) which circulates the solvent, a thimble (usually made of thick filter paper) which retains the solid to be extracted, and a siphon mechanism, which periodically empties the condensed solvent from the thimble back into the percolator.
Martin and Synge initially attempted to devise a method of performing a sequential liquid-liquid extraction with serially connected glass vessels that functioned as separatory funnels. [1] The seminal article presenting their early studies described a rather complicated instrument that allowed partitioning of amino acids between water and ...