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  2. Human subject research - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_subject_research

    Human subject research is systematic, scientific investigation that can be either interventional (a "trial") or observational (no "test article") and involves human beings as research subjects, commonly known as test subjects. Human subject research can be either medical (clinical) research or non-medical (e.g., social science) research. [1]

  3. Diagnostic microbiology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_Microbiology

    The spot indole test is used to determine if a microbe can deaminate tryptophan to produce indole. This test is performed by saturating a piece of filter paper with Indole Kovacs Reagent and scraping a portion of microbe onto the paper. A color to a pink-red color indicates a positive result while no color change indicates the lack of ...

  4. Discovery of penicillin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_of_penicillin

    However, ancient practitioners could not precisely identify or isolate the active components in these organisms. [1] [2] Alexander Fleming in his laboratory at St Mary's Hospital, London, 1943. While working at St Mary's Hospital, London, in 1928, a Scottish physician, Alexander Fleming, was investigating the pattern of variation in S. aureus. [3]

  5. Medical research - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_research

    Cell culture vials The University of Florida Cancer and Genetics Research Complex is an integrated medical research facility.. Medical research (or biomedical research), also known as health research, refers to the process of using scientific methods with the aim to produce knowledge about human diseases, the prevention and treatment of illness, and the promotion of health.

  6. Design of experiments - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_of_experiments

    The variance of the estimate X 1 of θ 1 is σ 2 if we use the first experiment. But if we use the second experiment, the variance of the estimate given above is σ 2 /8. Thus the second experiment gives us 8 times as much precision for the estimate of a single item, and estimates all items simultaneously, with the same precision.

  7. Anomaly detection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomaly_detection

    Also referred to as frequency-based or counting-based, the simplest non-parametric anomaly detection method is to build a histogram with the training data or a set of known normal instances, and if a test point does not fall in any of the histogram bins mark it as anomalous, or assign an anomaly score to test data based on the height of the bin ...

  8. Observational study - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_study

    Anthropological survey paper from 1961 by Juhan Aul from University of Tartu who measured about 50 000 people. In fields such as epidemiology, social sciences, psychology and statistics, an observational study draws inferences from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints.

  9. Self-experimentation in medicine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-experimentation_in...

    The Nuremberg Code has influenced medical experiment codes of practice around the world, as has the exposure of experiments that have since failed to follow it such as the notorious Tuskegee syphilis experiment. [3]: xv–xvii Critics of self-experimenters point to other less savoury motivations such as simple self-aggrandisement.