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The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis says that for an arbitrary initial state, the expectation value of ^ will ultimately evolve in time to its value predicted by a microcanonical ensemble, and thereafter will exhibit only small fluctuations around that value, provided that the following two conditions are met: [4]
In physics, thermalisation (or thermalization) is the process of physical bodies reaching thermal equilibrium through mutual interaction. In general, the natural tendency of a system is towards a state of equipartition of energy and uniform temperature that maximizes the system's entropy .
[6] [7] [8] They also generically obey the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH). [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] In contrast, if ρ A ( T ) {\displaystyle \rho _{A}(T)} fails to approach a thermal density matrix even in the long time limit, and remains instead close to its initial condition ρ A ( 0 ) {\displaystyle \rho _{A}(0)} , then the system ...
In physics, the Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou (FPUT) problem or formerly the Fermi–Pasta–Ulam problem was the apparent paradox in chaos theory that many complicated enough physical systems exhibited almost exactly periodic behavior – called Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou recurrence (or Fermi–Pasta–Ulam recurrence) – instead of the expected ergodic behavior.
Results of the Frisch–Smith experiment. Curves computed for M N e w t o n {\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {Newton} }} and M S R {\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {SR} }} . If no time dilation exists, then those muons should decay in the upper regions of the atmosphere, however, as a consequence of time dilation they are present in considerable amount also ...
The Unruh effect (also known as the Fulling–Davies–Unruh effect) is a theoretical prediction in quantum field theory that an observer who is uniformly accelerating through empty space will perceive a thermal bath.
The T-V diagram of the rubber band experiment. The decrease in the temperature of the rubber band in a spontaneous process at ambient temperature can be explained using the Helmholtz free energy = where dF is the change in free energy, dL is the change in length, τ is the tension, dT is the change in temperature and S is the entropy.
For example, the hypothesis of superdeterminism in which all experiments and outcomes (and everything else) are predetermined can never be excluded (because it is unfalsifiable). [ 45 ] Up to 2015, the outcome of all experiments that violate a Bell inequality could still theoretically be explained by exploiting the detection loophole and/or the ...