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The yield to maturity (YTM), book yield or redemption yield of a fixed-interest security is an estimate of the total rate of return anticipated to be earned by an investor who buys it at a given market price, holds it to maturity, and receives all interest payments and the capital redemption on schedule. [1] [2]
Expression (3) which uses the bond's yield to maturity to calculate discount factors. The key difference between the two durations is that the Fisher–Weil duration allows for the possibility of a sloping yield curve, whereas the second form is based on a constant value of the yield , not varying by term to payment. [10]
Analytic Example: Given: 0.5-year spot rate, Z1 = 4%, and 1-year spot rate, Z2 = 4.3% (we can get these rates from T-Bills which are zero-coupon); and the par rate on a 1.5-year semi-annual coupon bond, R3 = 4.5%. We then use these rates to calculate the 1.5 year spot rate. We solve the 1.5 year spot rate, Z3, by the formula below:
The vertical or y-axis depicts the annualized yield to maturity. [3] Those who issue and trade in forms of debt, such as loans and bonds, use yield curves to determine their value. [4] Shifts in the shape and slope of the yield curve are thought to be related to investor expectations for the economy and interest rates.
Par yield is based on the assumption that the security in question has a price equal to par value. [5] When the price is assumed to be par value ($100 in the equation below) and the coupon stream and maturity date are already known, the equation below can be solved for par yield.
The forward rate is the future yield on a bond. It is calculated using the yield curve . For example, the yield on a three-month Treasury bill six months from now is a forward rate .
The examples assume interest is withdrawn as it is earned and not allowed to compound. If one has $1000 invested for 30 days at a 7-day SEC yield of 5%, then: (0.05 × $1000 ) / 365 ~= $0.137 per day. Multiply by 30 days to yield $4.11 in interest. If one has $1000 invested for 1 year at a 7-day SEC yield of 2%, then:
John Hull and Alan White, "One factor interest rate models and the valuation of interest rate derivative securities," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol 28, No 2, (June 1993) pp. 235–254. John Hull and Alan White, "Pricing interest-rate derivative securities", The Review of Financial Studies, Vol 3, No. 4 (1990) pp. 573–592.