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At this time, circumcision, dietary laws, and Sabbath-observance gained more significance as symbols of Jewish identity, and the institution of the synagogue became increasingly important, and most of the biblical literature, including the Torah, was substantially revised during this time.
The Zionist movement was officially founded in 1897. The pogroms also triggered a mass exodus of more than two million Jews to the United States between 1881 and 1924. [16] The Jews of Europe and the United States gained success in the fields of science, culture and the economy.
In 1897, the World Zionist Organization was founded and the First Zionist Congress proclaimed its aim "to establish a home for the Jewish people in Palestine secured under public law." [183] The Congress chose Hatikvah ("The Hope") as its anthem. Between 1904 and 1914, around 40,000 Jews settled in the area now known as Israel (the Second Aliyah).
Petah Tikva is founded by religious pioneers from Jerusalem, led by Yehoshua Stampfer. 1880 World Jewish population around 7.7 million, 90% in Europe, mostly Eastern Europe; around 3.5 million in the former Polish provinces. 1881–1884, 1903–1906, 1918–1920 Three major waves of pogroms kill tens of thousands of Jews in Russia and Ukraine ...
In the 7th century AD, Islam was founded by Muhammad in the Arabian Peninsula; it spread widely through the early Muslim conquests, shortly after his death. [19] Islam understands its form of "Abrahamic monotheism" as preceding both Judaism and Christianity, and in contrast with Arabian Henotheism. [47]
Jews wrote the Bible, [46] [47] founded Christianity, [48] and had an indirect but profound influence on Islam. [49] In these ways and others, Jews have played a significant role in the development of Western culture. [50] [51]
The chosen people: A study of Jewish history from the time of the exile until the revolt of Bar Kocheba (Andrews UK, 2015). Alpher, Joseph. Encyclopedia of Jewish history: events and eras of the Jewish people (1986) online free to borrow
The Kingdom of Judah was located in the Judean Mountains, stretching from Jerusalem to Hebron and into the Negev Desert.The central ridge, ranging from forested and shrubland-covered mountains gently sloping towards the hills of the Shephelah in the west, to the dry and arid landscapes of the Judaean Desert descending into the Jordan Valley to the east, formed the kingdom's core.