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[12]: 12–14 A changing economy also brought poverty, which led to raiding and the founding of the Civil Guard. Education reforms in the 1860s expanded access to higher education. [10]: 144 The 19th century also saw further attempts to establish control of the mountain tribes of the interior, although success remained limited.
The Katipunan under Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines on June 12, 1898. [117] Aguinaldo proclaimed a revolutionary government, and convened a congress that approved the Malolos Constitution, inaugurating the First Philippine Republic. [40]: 123 Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States in 1898. [118]
However, on May 12, 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28 proclaiming June 12, 1962, as a special public holiday throughout the Philippines. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] In 1964, Republic Act No. 4166 changed the date of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12 and renamed the July 4 holiday as Philippine Republic Day .
The types of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines have varied throughout the country's history, from heads of ancient chiefdoms, kingdoms and sultanates in the pre-colonial period, to the leaders of Spanish, American, and Japanese colonial governments, until the directly elected president of the modern sovereign state of the Philippines.
The Philippine Organic Act of July 1902 approved, ratified, and confirmed McKinley's executive order establishing the Philippine Commission, and also stipulated that the bicameral Philippine Legislature would be established composed of an elected lower house, the Philippine Assembly, and the appointed Philippine Commission as the upper house.
The governor-general of the Philippines (Tagalog: Gobernador-Heneral ng Pilipinas; Spanish: Gobernador General de Filipinas; Japanese: フィリピン総督, romanized: Firipin sōtoku) was the title of the government executive during the colonial period of the Philippines, first by the Spanish in Mexico City and later Madrid as "Captain General"– Spanish: Capitán General de Filipinas ...
Philippine President Quezon led a twelfth independence mission to Washington to secure a better independence act. The result was the Philippines Independence Act, more popularly known as the "Tydings–McDuffie Act", of 1934, which was ratified by the Philippine Senate. The law provided for the granting of Philippine independence by 1946.
The ideas laid down in Philippine Society and Revolution have shaped Philippine politics since its first publication. [2] The Communist Party of the Philippines considers PSR its "principal reference and guide in laying down the basic principles of the two-stage revolution in the Philippines based on the analysis of concrete conditions of the ...