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Diagram of a Federated Learning protocol with smartphones training a global AI model. Federated learning (also known as collaborative learning) is a machine learning technique in a setting where multiple entities (often called clients) collaboratively train a model while keeping their data decentralized, [1] rather than centrally stored.
A Tsetlin machine is a form of learning automaton collective for learning patterns using propositional logic. Ole-Christoffer Granmo created [1] and gave the method its name after Michael Lvovitch Tsetlin, who invented the Tsetlin automaton [2] and worked on Tsetlin automata collectives and games. [3]
Deeplearning4j can be used via multiple API languages including Java, Scala, Python, Clojure and Kotlin. Its Scala API is called ScalNet. [31] Keras serves as its Python API. [32] And its Clojure wrapper is known as DL4CLJ. [33] The core languages performing the large-scale mathematical operations necessary for deep learning are C, C++ and CUDA C.
Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation. [33] Python is dynamically type-checked and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured (particularly procedural), object-oriented and functional ...
The use of the terminology is in need of clarification. Machine learning is not confined to association rule mining, c.f. the body of work on symbolic ML and relational learning (the differences to deep learning being the choice of representation, localist logical rather than distributed, and the non-use of gradient-based learning algorithms).
While research in single-agent reinforcement learning is concerned with finding the algorithm that gets the biggest number of points for one agent, research in multi-agent reinforcement learning evaluates and quantifies social metrics, such as cooperation, [2] reciprocity, [3] equity, [4] social influence, [5] language [6] and discrimination. [7]
GNNs are used as fundamental building blocks for several combinatorial optimization algorithms. [48] Examples include computing shortest paths or Eulerian circuits for a given graph, [ 39 ] deriving chip placements superior or competitive to handcrafted human solutions, [ 49 ] and improving expert-designed branching rules in branch and bound .
High-quality labeled training datasets for supervised and semi-supervised machine learning algorithms are usually difficult and expensive to produce because of the large amount of time needed to label the data. Although they do not need to be labeled, high-quality datasets for unsupervised learning can also be difficult and costly to produce ...