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Complexity theory emphasizes interactions and the accompanying feedback loops that constantly change systems. While it proposes that systems are unpredictable, they are also constrained by order-generating rules. [6]: 74 Complexity theory has been used in the fields of strategic management and organizational studies.
A complex system is a system composed of many components which may interact with each other. [1] Examples of complex systems are Earth's global climate, organisms, the human brain, infrastructure such as power grid, transportation or communication systems, complex software and electronic systems, social and economic organizations (like cities), an ecosystem, a living cell, and, ultimately, for ...
Continuous complexity theory can also refer to complexity theory of the use of analog computation, which uses continuous dynamical systems and differential equations. [18] Control theory can be considered a form of computation and differential equations are used in the modelling of continuous-time and hybrid discrete-continuous-time systems.
Computational complexity theory, a field in theoretical computer science and mathematics; Complex systems theory, the study of the complexity in context of complex systems; Assembly theory, a way of characterizing extraterrestrial molecular complexity to assess the probability of the presence of life
Social complexity: The infrastructure of train tracks through the Clapham Junction railway station, UK, is analogous to the complexity of the society served by the railroad. In sociology, social complexity is a conceptual framework used in the analysis of society.
The theory has emerged as a result of (still failing) attempts to resolve the first and still the most important question of this kind, the P = NP problem.Most of the research is done basing on the assumption of P not being equal to NP and on a more far-reaching conjecture that the polynomial time hierarchy of complexity classes is infinite.
In computational complexity theory, a complexity class is a set of computational problems "of related resource-based complexity". [1] The two most commonly analyzed resources are time and memory . In general, a complexity class is defined in terms of a type of computational problem, a model of computation , and a bounded resource like time or ...
Structural complexity is a science of applied mathematics that aims to relate fundamental physical or biological aspects of a complex system with the mathematical description of the morphological complexity that the system exhibits, by establishing rigorous relations between mathematical and physical properties of such system. [1]