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  2. Biological organisation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_organisation

    Each level in the hierarchy represents an increase in organisational complexity, with each "object" being primarily composed of the previous level's basic unit. [2] The basic principle behind the organisation is the concept of emergence —the properties and functions found at a hierarchical level are not present and irrelevant at the lower levels.

  3. World Health Organization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization

    Only sovereign states are eligible to join, and it is the largest intergovernmental health organization at the international level. [ 4 ] The WHO's purpose is to achieve the highest possible level of health for all the world's people, defining health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of ...

  4. Integrative level - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrative_level

    The levels concept is an intellectual framework for structuring reality. It arranges all entities, structures, and processes in the universe, or in a certain field of study, into a hierarchy, typically based on how complex their organization is. When arranged this way, each entity is three things at the same time: It is made up of parts from ...

  5. Homeostasis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis

    For instance, core body temperature in humans varies during the course of the day (i.e. has a circadian rhythm), with the lowest temperatures occurring at night, and the highest in the afternoons. Other normal temperature variations include those related to the menstrual cycle .

  6. Degrees of freedom problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_problem

    In neuroscience and motor control, the degrees of freedom problem or motor equivalence problem states that there are multiple ways for humans or animals to perform a movement in order to achieve the same goal. In other words, under normal circumstances, no simple one-to-one correspondence exists between a motor problem (or task) and a motor ...

  7. Systems thinking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_thinking

    The term system is polysemic: Robert Hooke (1674) used it in multiple senses, in his System of the World, [7]: p.24 but also in the sense of the Ptolemaic system versus the Copernican system [8]: 450 of the relation of the planets to the fixed stars [9] which are cataloged in Hipparchus' and Ptolemy's Star catalog. [10]

  8. Taxonomy (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)

    Theory and practice of grouping individuals into species, arranging species into larger groups, and giving those groups names, thus producing a classification. [ 2 ] A field of science (and a major component of systematics ) that encompasses description, identification, nomenclature , and classification [ 3 ]

  9. Social organization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_organization

    In sociology, a social organization is a pattern of relationships between and among individuals and groups. [1] [2] Characteristics of social organization can include qualities such as sexual composition, spatiotemporal cohesion, leadership, structure, division of labor, communication systems, and so on. [3] [4]