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A flask containing human cerebral organoids. A neural, or brain organoid, describes an artificially grown, in vitro, tissue resembling parts of the human brain.Neural organoids are created by culturing pluripotent stem cells into a three-dimensional culture that can be maintained for years.
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) are mitogens that promote neural progenitor and stem cell growth in vitro, though other factors synthesized by the neural progenitor and stem cell populations are also required for optimal growth. [13] It is hypothesized that neurogenesis in the adult brain originates from NSCs.
Both cells later produce one or two neural cells (N). A progenitor cell is a biological cell that can differentiate into a specific cell type. Stem cells and progenitor cells have this ability in common. However, stem cells are less specified than progenitor cells. Progenitor cells can only differentiate into their "target" cell type. [1]
Death of neural progenitor cells has recently been linked the mosquito-borne virus, Zika. [28] Epidemiological evidence indicates infection of the embryo within the first two trimesters of pregnancy has potential to cause fetal birth defects and microcephaly , [ 29 ] possibly due to the death of progenitor cells.
In rodents for example, neurons in the central nervous system arise from three types of neural stem and progenitor cells: neuroepithelial cells, radial glial cells and basal progenitors, which go through three main divisions: symmetric proliferative division; asymmetric neurogenic division; and symmetric neurogenic division.
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), also known as oligodendrocyte precursor cells, NG2-glia, O2A cells, or polydendrocytes, are a subtype of glia in the central nervous system named for their essential role as precursors to oligodendrocytes and myelin. [1] They are typically identified in the human by co-expression of PDGFRA and CSPG4.
In embryonic life, the SVZ refers to a secondary proliferative zone containing neural progenitor cells, which divide to produce neurons in the process of neurogenesis. [3] The primary neural stem cells of the brain and spinal cord, termed radial glial cells , instead reside in the ventricular zone (VZ) (so-called because the VZ lines the inside ...
With the advent of the field of stem cell biology, the potential of stem cells to form organs in vitro was realized early on with the observation that when stem cells form teratomas or embryoid bodies, the differentiated cells can organize into different structures resembling those found in multiple tissue types. [4]