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As the GIS industry grew to incorporate more casual users, the inherent complexity of the coverage data structure became a concern. When Esri released ArcView GIS 2.0 in 1992, it introduced the new shapefile format for vector data. This was a much simpler data model, eliminating features such as topology, but was still a georelational design.
Geographic information system (GIS) is a commonly used tool for environmental management, modelling and planning. As simply defined by Michael Goodchild, GIS is as "a computer system for handling geographic information in a digital form". [68] In recent years it has played an integral role in participatory, collaborative and open data philosophies.
This is a comparison of notable GIS software. To be included on this list, the software must have a linked existing article. The selection of GIS software is a non-trivial task typically undertaken at project commencement. The use of appropriate selection criteria and methodology can be critical to a project's success, with considerations including outlay costs, ease of use, data and system ...
The software component of a traditional geographic information system is expected to provide a wide range of functions for handling spatial data: [11]: 16 Data management, including the creation, editing, and storage of geographic data, as well as transformations such as changing coordinate systems and converting between raster and vector models.
Time-stamped features, in which the dataset includes features valid at a variety of times, with each feature stamped by the time during which it was valid (i.e., by "start date" and "end date" columns in the attribute table.). Some GIS software, such as ArcGIS Pro, natively supports this model, with functionality including animation.
The Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge (GISTBoK) is a reference document produced by the University Consortium for Geographic Information Science (UCGIS) as the first product of its Model Curricula project, started in 1997 by Duane Marble and a select task force, and completed in 2006 by David DiBiase and a team of editors.
Attributes, characteristics of a feature other than location, often expressed as text or numbers; for example, the population of a city. [19] In geography, the levels of measurement developed by Stanley Smith Stevens (and further extended by others) is a common system for understanding and using attribute data.
The origin of the geodatabase was in the mid-1990s during the emergence of the first spatial databases.One early approach to integrating relational databases and GIS was the use of server middleware, a third-party program that stores the spatial data in database tables in a custom format, and translates it dynamically into a logical model that can be understood by the client software.